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Le GHB n’est aujourd’hui quasi plus utilisé en temps que médication dans notre pays. Son utilisation festive est en augmentation en Belgique et dans les pays limitrophes mais reste très probablement sous-estimée. En effet, beaucoup de jeunes hésitent à consulter un médecin suite à une consommation illicite de GHB et seuls les cas sévères sont donc référés aux hôpitaux. Les risques impliqués par la présence de cette molécule sur notre marché sont importants : soumission chimique, intoxication, dépendance, décès … Il est important de pouvoir évaluer la présence et l’utilisation de cette molécule dans notre pays. Le diagnostic d’une intoxication au GHB est utile afin de pouvoir administrer les soins adéquats et parmi ceux-ci une surveillance attentive du système respiratoire pendant au moins six heurs. Une utilisation du GHB dans le bit d’une soumission chimique repose sur les seuls dire de la victime et il est important dans ce cas de pouvoir amener une preuve d’ingestion de GHB.
La méthode de dosage du GHB validée dans ce travail est une méthode rapide, facile, utilisant peu de solvant et possédant des qualités intrinsèques importantes. Elle possède une bonne reproductibilité intra et inter-jour (sur 5 jours consécutifs) avec des coefficients de variation inférieurs à 10% pour les trois milieux étudiés. La linéarité est excellente de 0.002 µg/ml à 50 µg/ml pour le sérum, de 0.005 µg/ml à 50 µg/ml pour le plasma fluoré et de 0.010 µg/ml à 50 µg/ml pour l’urine. Les limites de détection (0.002 µg/ml, 0.005 µg/ml, 0.010 µg/ml) et de quantification (0.01 µg/ml pour le sérum et le plasma et 0.02 µg/ml pou l’urine) sont très basses. Une extraction liquide du GHB par de l’acétate d’éthyle donne elle aussi de bons résultats au niveau reproductibilité et rendement d’extraction mais l’analyse s’avère plus longue, plus fastidieuse et nécessite une quantité plus importante de solvant.
La méthode validée pour le dosage du GHB peut être utilisée en toxicologie clinique afin de déterminer s’il y a eu ingestion de GHB lors de suspicion de soumission chimique ou d’intoxication au GHB, GBL ou 1,4-butanediol. Les prélèvements sanguins peuvent être réalisés sur n’importe quel tube mais il est conseillé d’éviter les tubes citratés. Ils doivent être conservés au réfrigérateur ou au congélateur avant l’analyse. Les prélèvements urinaires doivent eux aussi être conservés au réfrigérateur ou au congélateur. Les limites de positivité rencontrées (Deveaux M. , 2002) sont de 5 µg/ml de plasma EDTA K et de 10 µg/ml d’urine mais des ajustements pourraient encore être faits afin de différencier aux mieux les concentrations provenant d’une utilisation en vue de soumission chimique et les concentrations endogènes.
L’utilisation du dosage du GHB en médecine légale permettrait de déterminer si l’ingestion de GHB ou de plusieurs drogues dont celui-ci pourrait être la cause de la mort. L’interprétation des concentrations reste cependant encore difficile à ce jour en raison d’une forte instabilité de la concentration en GHB dans le milieu sanguin post-mortem. Si la réalisation d’une étude de stabilité démontre que les concentrations sanguines en GHB après la mort s’avèrent inutilisables, des prélèvements sur des milieux alternatifs moins sensibles aux modifications cadavériques pourraient être une solution.
Cette méthode intéresse aussi fortement le service des maladies métaboliques de l’hôpital. En effet, un dosage du GHB permet de diagnostiquer et de faire le suivi de la déficience en aldéhyde semi-succinique déshydrogénase ou 4-hydroxybutyric acidurie. Cette maladie rare compte depuis 1981 plus de 150 cas identifiés
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Histology. Cytology --- Calcium channels --- Sodium channels --- Sodium cotransport systems --- Ion Transport --- Sodium-Calcium Exchanger --- Biological Transport, Active --- physiology
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Diesel fuels --- Sodium hypochlorite. --- Oil storage tanks --- Storage. --- Cleaning.
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Long QT Syndrome --- Sodium Channels --- Point Mutation --- Anti-Arrhythmia Agents --- genetics --- pharmacology
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This volume contains monographs prepared at the fifty-eighth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), which met in Rome, Italy, from 21 to 27 February 2002. The toxicological monographs in this volume summarize the safety data on the veterinary drug residues that were evaluated toxicologically by the Committee, which included two anthelminthic agents (doramectin and tiabendazole) and one antimicrobial agent (cefuroxime). The data summarized in these monographs served as the basis for the evaluations performed by the Committee. This volume and others in the WHO F
Feed additive residues -- Analysis -- Congresses. --- Feed additive residues -- Toxicology -- Congresses. --- Food contamination -- Analysis -- Congresses. --- Veterinary drug residues -- Analysis -- Congresses. --- Veterinary drug residues -- Toxicology -- Congresses. --- Antiparasitic Agents --- Body Burden --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Food Safety --- Cefotaxime --- Environmental Pollution --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Cephacetrile --- Investigative Techniques --- Public Health --- Anti-Infective Agents --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Therapeutic Uses --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Cephalosporins --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care --- beta-Lactams --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Thiazines --- Lactams --- Sulfur Compounds --- Azabicyclo Compounds --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Organic Chemicals --- Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic --- Amides --- Bicyclo Compounds --- Bridged Compounds --- Polycyclic Compounds --- Cefuroxime --- Food Contamination --- Drug Evaluation --- Anthelmintics --- Drug Residues --- Veterinary Drugs --- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic --- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds --- Bridged-Ring Compounds --- Lactims --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Chemical Actions --- Actions, Chemical --- Actions, Pharmacologic --- Critique --- Evaluation --- Evaluation Indexes --- Evaluation Methodology --- Evaluation Report --- Evaluation Research --- Methodology, Evaluation --- Pre-Post Tests --- Qualitative Evaluation --- Quantitative Evaluation --- Theoretical Effectiveness --- Use-Effectiveness --- Critiques --- Effectiveness, Theoretical --- Evaluation Methodologies --- Evaluation Reports --- Evaluation, Qualitative --- Evaluation, Quantitative --- Evaluations --- Evaluations, Qualitative --- Evaluations, Quantitative --- Indexes, Evaluation --- Methodologies, Evaluation --- Pre Post Tests --- Pre-Post Test --- Qualitative Evaluations --- Quantitative Evaluations --- Report, Evaluation --- Reports, Evaluation --- Research, Evaluation --- Test, Pre-Post --- Tests, Pre-Post --- Use Effectiveness --- Pollution, Environmental --- Soil Pollution --- Pollution, Soil --- Aventis Brand of Cefotaxime Sodium --- Aventis Pharma Brand of Cefotaxime Sodium --- Benaxima --- Biosint --- Cefotaxim --- Cefotaxime Sodium --- Cefradil --- Cephotaxim --- Claforan --- Fotexina --- Fustery Brand of Cefotaxime Sodium --- Galen Brand of Cefotaxime Sodium --- HR-756 --- Hoechst Brand of Cefotaxime Sodium --- Kendrick --- Klaforan --- Liomont Brand of Cefotaxime Sodium --- Merck Brand of Cefotaxime Sodium --- Pisa Brand of Cefotaxime Sodium --- Primafen --- Ru-24756 --- Taporin --- Viken Brand of Cefotaxime Sodium --- HR 756 --- HR756 --- Ru 24756 --- Ru24756 --- Sodium, Cefotaxime --- Safety, Food --- Pharmaceutic Preparations --- Pharmaceutical Products --- Preparations, Pharmaceutical --- Drugs --- Preparations, Pharmaceutic --- Products, Pharmaceutical --- Body Burdens --- Burden, Body --- Burdens, Body --- Antiparasitic Drugs --- Antiparasitics --- Parasiticides --- Agents, Antiparasitic --- Drugs, Antiparasitic --- Cephalosporanic Acids --- Antibiotics, Cephalosporin --- Acids, Cephalosporanic --- Cephalosporin Antibiotics --- Therapeutic Effects --- Effects, Therapeutic --- Uses, Therapeutic --- Anti-Microbial Agents --- Antiinfective Agents --- Antimicrobial Agents --- Microbicides --- Agents, Anti-Infective --- Agents, Anti-Microbial --- Agents, Antiinfective --- Agents, Antimicrobial --- Anti Infective Agents --- Anti Microbial Agents --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Drug, Veterinary --- Pharmaceuticals, Veterinary --- Veterinary Drug --- Veterinary Pharmaceuticals --- Drugs, Veterinary --- Drug Residue --- Residue, Drug --- Residues, Drug --- Antihelmintics --- Vermifuges --- Drug Evaluation Studies --- Evaluation Studies, Drug --- Drug Evaluation Study --- Drug Evaluations --- Evaluation Study, Drug --- Evaluation, Drug --- Evaluations, Drug --- Studies, Drug Evaluation --- Study, Drug Evaluation --- Food Adulteration --- Adulteration, Food --- Adulterations, Food --- Contamination, Food --- Contaminations, Food --- Food Adulterations --- Food Contaminations --- Compounds, Polycyclic --- Chemicals, Organic --- Azabicyclo(1.1.0)Butanes --- Azabicyclo(2.2.2)Octanes --- Azabicyclo(3.3.1)Nonanes --- Azabicyclo(4.3.0)Nonanes --- Azabicyclo(5.2.2)Undecanes --- Compounds, Sulfur --- 4-Thia-1-Azabicyclo(3.2.0)Heptanes --- 4-Thia-1-Azabicyclo(4.2.0)Octanes --- beta Lactams --- C-36278-Ba --- Celospor --- Cephacetrile Sodium --- Cefacetrile --- C 36278 Ba --- C36278Ba --- Sodium, Cephacetrile --- Cephuroxime --- Ketocef --- Zinacef --- Bridged Ring Compounds --- Bicyclo Compounds, Bridged --- Bicyclic Heterocyclic Compounds --- Heterocyclic Bicyclo Compounds --- Heterocyclic Cpds, Bicyclic --- Bicyclic Heterocyclic Cpds --- Heterocyclic Compounds, Bicyclic --- Pharmacological and Toxicological Phenomena --- Drug Therapy --- Environmental Pollutants --- Dietary Exposure --- Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points --- Pharmacology --- Drug Dosage Calculations --- In Vivo Dosimetry --- Infection --- Parasites --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Helminthiasis --- Drugs, Investigational --- Hydrocarbons, Cyclic --- Pharmaceuticals --- Infections --- Sulfur Compound --- Compound, Sulfur --- Lactam --- Lactim --- beta-Lactam --- beta Lactam --- Drug --- Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical Preparation --- Pharmaceutical Product --- Preparation, Pharmaceutical --- Product, Pharmaceutical --- Antiparasitic --- Cephalosporanic Acid --- Cephalosporin --- Cephalosporin Antibiotic --- Acid, Cephalosporanic --- Antibiotic, Cephalosporin --- Therapeutic Effect --- Therapeutic Use --- Effect, Therapeutic --- Use, Therapeutic --- Anti-Infective Agent --- Anti-Microbial Agent --- Antimicrobial Agent --- Microbicide --- Agent, Anti-Infective --- Agent, Anti-Microbial --- Agent, Antimicrobial --- Anti Infective Agent --- Anti Microbial Agent --- Anthelmintic --- Antihelmintic --- Vermifuge --- Amide --- Organic Chemical --- Chemical, Organic --- analysis. --- veterinary. --- toxicity. --- Antiparasitic Agents. --- Body Burden. --- Pharmaceutical Preparations. --- Food Safety. --- Cefotaxime. --- Environmental Pollution. --- Evaluation Studies as Topic. --- Cephacetrile. --- Investigative Techniques. --- Public Health. --- Anti-Infective Agents. --- Therapeutic Uses. --- Cephalosporins. --- Environment and Public Health. --- Delivery of Health Care. --- beta-Lactams. --- Pharmacologic Actions. --- Thiazines. --- Lactams. --- Sulfur Compounds. --- Azabicyclo Compounds. --- Chemical Actions and Uses. --- Organic Chemicals. --- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic. --- Amides. --- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds. --- Bridged-Ring Compounds. --- Polycyclic Compounds. --- Cefuroxime.
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"This water" he told me, "runs out to the eastern region, and flows into the Arabah; and when it comes into the sea, into the sea of foul waters [i. e. , the Dead Sea], the water will become wholesome. Every living creature that swarms will be able to live wherever this stream goes; the fish will be very abundant once these waters have reached there. It will be wholesome, and everything will live wherever this stream goes. Fishermen shall stand beside it all the way from En-gedi to En-eglaim; it shall be a place for drying nets; and the fish will be of various kinds [and] most plentiful, like the fish of the Great Sea. " Ezekiel’s prophecy (Ezekiel 47: 8-10) for revival and purification of the Dead Sea waters This new book on "Halophilic Microorganisms and their Environments" is the fifth volume in the COLE series (Cellular Origin and Life in Extreme Habitats (see: http://www. wkap. nl/prod/s/COLE). In the previous books we covered aspects of enigmatic microorganisms, microbial diversity, astrobiology, and symbiosis, so this book on halophilic microbes adds a fitting link to the rest of series' books. Since ancient times hypersaline habitats have been considered extreme environments, and some were thought not to sustain life at all. Yet, every organism requires salt for its existence. Salty places have been compared to an environment of extinction (e. g. , the Dead Sea).
Organisms --- Adaptation, Biological --- Environmental Microbiology --- Sodium Compounds --- Physiological Processes --- Euryarchaeota --- Chlorides --- Hydrochloric Acid --- Public Health --- Physiological Phenomena --- Microbiology --- Biological Processes --- Archaea --- Inorganic Chemicals --- Chlorine Compounds --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Biology --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biological Phenomena --- Environment and Public Health --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Health Care --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Water Microbiology --- Sodium Chloride --- Adaptation, Physiological --- Bacteria --- Halobacteriales --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Microbial ecology. --- Nature conservation. --- Geochemistry. --- Aquatic ecology . --- Biochemistry. --- Microbial Ecology. --- Nature Conservation. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Aquatic biology --- Ecology --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Earth sciences --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Environmental microbiology --- Microorganisms --- Composition --- Conservation --- Halophilic microorganisms. --- Micro-organisms, Halophilic --- Halophilic organisms
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