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International finance --- Economic stabilization

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Slope stability is a critical and fundamental element of geotechnical engineering involving the assessment of existing natural slopes and the intelligent design of man-made slopes, and the factors that may cause them to survive for many years or to crumble in a land slide.Virtually every civil engineering project, and especially highway development -- currently the hottest single area in all of civil engineering in the U.S.-- involves some element of slope stabilty and stabilization methods. This is a new edition, with some 35ew material, of one of the best available guides to stability and stabilization methods.

Embankments. --- Slopes (Soil mechanics). --- Soil stabilization.

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Capital market --- International finance --- Economic stabilization --- Capital market. --- Economic stabilization. --- International finance.

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Convergence (Economics) --- Economic stabilization --- Free trade --- Poverty --- Vietnam --- Economic conditions

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Although there is now widespread agreement in the economics profession that discretionary counter-cyclical'fiscal policy has not contributed to economic stability and may have actually been destabilizing at particular times in the past, there is one important condition when discretionary fiscal policy can play a constructive role: in a sustained downturn when aggregate demand and interest rates are low and when prices are falling or may soon be falling. This short note begins by summarizing the general case against using fiscal policy for stabilization. It next considers the argument for using a hyperexpansive' monetary policy to reduce the risk that a low rate of inflation will lead to a deflationary situation in which monetary policy becomes ineffective. Such a policy would increase the risk of asset price bubbles and of a misaligned exchange rate. Discretionary fiscal policy provides an alternative way to stimulate the economy when aggregate demand and interest rates are low and when prices are falling or may soon be falling. A stimulus can be achieved without increasing budget deficits if the fiscal policy acts by providing an incentive for increased private spending. Specific examples for the U.S. and Japan are considered.

Economic stabilization. --- Fiscal policy. --- Elementary school teachers --- Rating of.