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This paper assesses the effectiveness of stabilization policies and structural reforms in Albania since 1997 and seeks to identify the remaining key challenges in various policy areas. It also draws lessons for other transition economies from the recent Albanian experience. While progress has been made toward macroeconomic stability and the establishment of a modern institutional framework, much remains to be done to enhance the sustainability of the recent favorable macroeconomic performance and reduce unemployment and poverty. Crucial areas of reform are the creation of functioning institutions, notably in the judicial field, and the establishment of a reliable supply of electricity, which has recently become an obstacle for rapid growth.

Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Policy Objectives --- Policy Designs and Consistency --- Policy Coordination --- Studies of Particular Policy Episodes --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Remittances --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Privatization --- Contracting Out --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Revenue administration --- Expenditure --- Balance of payments --- Prices --- Economic sectors --- Revenue --- Expenditures, Public --- International finance --- Albania

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Economics. --- e-commerce --- marketing --- economie --- 658.018 --- 658.88 --- E-business (e-commerce, inkopen via het internet) --- Internet en mobile marketing --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Distribution strategy --- Elektronische handel --- Marketing --- Marketingmanagement --- Trends --- Casestudies --- Economics --- Trend --- Casestudy --- Financiewezen

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This report details the analyses that RAND performed to support the Health Care Financing Administration's efforts to design, develop and implement the Prospective Payment System for inpatient rehabilitation.

Hospitals. --- Hospitals - Rehabilitation services - Prospective payment - United States. --- Hospitals --- Inpatients --- Prospective Payment System --- Rehabilitation Centers --- Reimbursement Mechanisms --- Health Facilities --- Patients --- Persons --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Insurance, Health, Reimbursement --- Health Care --- Financing, Organized --- Named Groups --- Economics --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Hospitals & Medical Centers --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Rehabilitation services --- Prospective payment --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Community Financing --- Grants --- Organized Financing --- Financing, Community --- Grant --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Third-Party Payers --- Health Insurance Reimbursement --- Reimbursement, Health Insurance --- Third-Party Payments --- Health Insurance Reimbursements --- Insurance Reimbursement, Health --- Insurance Reimbursements, Health --- Payer, Third-Party --- Payers, Third-Party --- Payment, Third-Party --- Payments, Third-Party --- Reimbursements, Health Insurance --- Third Party Payers --- Third Party Payments --- Third-Party Payer --- Third-Party Payment --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Person --- Clients --- Client --- Patient --- Facilities, Health --- Facility, Health --- Health Facility --- Mechanism, Reimbursement --- Mechanisms, Reimbursement --- Reimbursement Mechanism --- Centers, Rehabilitation --- Center, Rehabilitation --- Rehabilitation Center --- Adjustment, Discretionary --- Discretionary Adjustment Factor --- Prospective Pricing --- Prospective Reimbursement --- Reimbursement, Prospective --- Adjustment Factor, Discretionary --- Adjustment Factors, Discretionary --- Adjustments, Discretionary --- Discretionary Adjustment --- Discretionary Adjustment Factors --- Discretionary Adjustments --- Factor, Discretionary Adjustment --- Factors, Discretionary Adjustment --- Payment System, Prospective --- Payment Systems, Prospective --- Pricing, Prospective --- Prospective Payment Systems --- Prospective Reimbursements --- Reimbursements, Prospective --- System, Prospective Payment --- Systems, Prospective Payment --- Inpatient --- Benevolent institutions --- Infirmaries --- Health facilities --- Prospective Payment System. --- Inpatients. --- economics. --- United States.

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Comprises 25 contributions on strategies and public policies on microinsurance-schemes. Focuses on reinsurance as a mechanism for enlarging the risk pool as well as the coverage of larger population groups, exemplified by experiences made in a pilot project carried out in the Philippines. Describes the Social Re Data Template software used to manage insurance information and to calculate the reinsurance premium.

Development aid. Development cooperation --- Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Developing countries --- Community health services. --- Medical economics. --- Reinsurance. --- Community health services --- Medical economics --- Reinsurance --- International Cooperation --- Insurance --- Economics --- Health Services --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Internationality --- Social Sciences --- Health Care --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Insurance, Health --- Community Health Services --- Financing, Organized --- Developing Countries --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Community Financing --- Grants --- Organized Financing --- Financing, Community --- Grant --- Community Healthcare --- Health Services, Community --- Services, Community Health --- Community Health Care --- Care, Community Health --- Community Health Service --- Community Healthcares --- Health Care, Community --- Health Service, Community --- Healthcare, Community --- Healthcares, Community --- Service, Community Health --- Public Health Administration --- Social Work --- Community Health Planning --- Group Health Insurance --- Health Insurance --- Health Insurance, Voluntary --- Health Insurance, Group --- Insurance, Group Health --- Insurance, Voluntary Health --- Voluntary Health Insurance --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Globalization --- International Aspects --- International Perspectives --- International Relations --- Multinational Aspects --- Multinational Perspectives --- Aspect, International --- Aspect, Multinational --- Aspects, International --- Aspects, Multinational --- International Aspect --- International Perspective --- Multinational Aspect --- Multinational Perspective --- Perspective, International --- Perspective, Multinational --- Perspectives, International --- Perspectives, Multinational --- Relations, International --- International Law --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Indemnity --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Premium --- Premium, Insurance --- Premiums, Insurance --- Treaties --- Foreign Aid --- Aid, Foreign --- Cooperation, International --- Treaty --- Neighborhood health centers --- Public health --- Regional medical programs --- Finance --- 14.02 --- Microfinanciering en -verzekeringen ; Ziekte --- Developing Countries. --- economics. --- methods. --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country

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This work provides an overview of special payments that Medicare has been making to rural hospitals and physicians, including documentation of the supply of providers, trends in payments, and Medicare costs per beneficiary.

Medicare. --- Rural Health Services. --- Rural hospitals. --- Rural hospitals - Prospective payment. --- Rural hospitals --- Medicare --- Rural health services --- Health Services --- Insurance, Health --- Delivery of Health Care --- Regional Health Planning --- Medical Assistance --- Legislation as Topic --- Financing, Organized --- Costs and Cost Analysis --- Health Services Needs and Demand --- Rural Health Services --- Health Care Costs --- Medically Underserved Area --- Insurance, Health, Reimbursement --- Economics --- Health Planning --- Insurance --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Public Assistance --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Social Control, Formal --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Care --- Financing, Government --- Public Health --- Medical Care Plans --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Prospective payment --- Cost control --- Government Financing --- Federal Aid --- Financing, Public --- Grants and Subsidies, Government --- Hill-Burton Act --- Subsidies, Government --- Act, Hill-Burton --- Aid, Federal --- Aids, Federal --- Federal Aids --- Government Subsidies --- Government Subsidy --- Hill Burton Act --- Public Financing --- Subsidy, Government --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Assistance, Public --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Indemnity --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Premium --- Premium, Insurance --- Premiums, Insurance --- PL93-641 --- Public Law 93-641 --- Health and Welfare Planning --- National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 --- Planning, Health and Welfare --- State Health Planning, United States --- Planning, Health --- Public Law 93 641 --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Third-Party Payers --- Health Insurance Reimbursement --- Reimbursement, Health Insurance --- Third-Party Payments --- Health Insurance Reimbursements --- Insurance Reimbursement, Health --- Insurance Reimbursements, Health --- Payer, Third-Party --- Payers, Third-Party --- Payment, Third-Party --- Payments, Third-Party --- Reimbursements, Health Insurance --- Third Party Payers --- Third Party Payments --- Third-Party Payer --- Third-Party Payment --- Area, Medically Underserved --- Health Service Corps, National --- National Health Service Corps --- Physician Shortage Area --- Area, Physician Shortage --- Areas, Medically Underserved --- Areas, Physician Shortage --- Medically Underserved Areas --- Physician Shortage Areas --- Shortage Area, Physician --- Shortage Areas, Physician --- Underserved Area, Medically --- Underserved Areas, Medically --- Costs, Medical Care --- Health Costs --- Healthcare Costs --- Medical Care Costs --- Treatment Costs --- Cost, Health --- Cost, Health Care --- Cost, Healthcare --- Cost, Medical Care --- Cost, Treatment --- Costs, Health --- Costs, Health Care --- Costs, Healthcare --- Costs, Treatment --- Health Care Cost --- Health Cost --- Healthcare Cost --- Medical Care Cost --- Treatment Cost --- Health Services, Rural --- Rural Health Center --- Services, Rural Health --- Center, Rural Health --- Centers, Rural Health --- Health Center, Rural --- Health Centers, Rural --- Health Service, Rural --- Rural Health Centers --- Rural Health Service --- Service, Rural Health --- Health Insurance for Aged, Disabled, Title 18 --- Health Insurance for Aged, Title 18 --- Health Insurance for Aged and Disabled, Title 18 --- Insurance, Health, for Aged and Disabled --- Health Services Needs --- Needs --- Needs and Demand, Health Services --- Target Population --- Health Services Need --- Need, Health Services --- Needs, Health Services --- Population, Target --- Populations, Target --- Target Populations --- Analysis, Cost --- Cost --- Cost Analysis --- Cost Comparison --- Cost Measures --- Cost-Minimization Analysis --- Costs and Cost Analyses --- Costs, Cost Analysis --- Pricing --- Analyses, Cost --- Analyses, Cost-Minimization --- Analysis, Cost-Minimization --- Comparison, Cost --- Comparisons, Cost --- Cost Analyses --- Cost Comparisons --- Cost Measure --- Cost Minimization Analysis --- Cost, Cost Analysis --- Cost-Minimization Analyses --- Costs --- Measure, Cost --- Measures, Cost --- Community Financing --- Grants --- Organized Financing --- Financing, Community --- Grant --- Constitutional Amendments --- Laws and Statutes --- Legislation, Health --- Model Legislation --- Population Law --- Statutes and Laws --- Health Legislation --- Amendment, Constitutional --- Amendments, Constitutional --- Constitutional Amendment --- Law, Population --- Laws, Population --- Legislation, Model --- Population Laws --- Assistance, Medical --- Review, Appropriateness --- Annual Implementation Plans --- Appropriateness Review --- Areawide Planning --- Comprehensive Health Planning --- Annual Implementation Plan --- Appropriateness Reviews --- Health Planning, Comprehensive --- Health Planning, Regional --- Implementation Plan, Annual --- Implementation Plans, Annual --- Plan, Annual Implementation --- Planning, Areawide --- Planning, Comprehensive Health --- Planning, Regional Health --- Plans, Annual Implementation --- Reviews, Appropriateness --- Group Health Insurance --- Health Insurance --- Health Insurance, Voluntary --- Health Insurance, Group --- Insurance, Group Health --- Insurance, Voluntary Health --- Voluntary Health Insurance --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- Service, Health --- Medical services, Rural --- Rural medical services --- Medicare rural hospital prospective payment --- Payment, Rural hospital prospective --- PPS (Medical care) --- Prospective payment, Rural hospital --- Prospective reimbursement, Rural hospital --- Reimbursement, Rural hospital prospective --- Public Policy --- Planning Techniques --- Health Expenditures --- Suburban Health Services --- Health Care Sector --- Health Legislation as Topic --- Community health services --- Medical care --- Medicine, Rural --- Regional medical programs --- Rural health --- Health insurance --- Older people --- Medicaid --- Medigap --- Hospitalization insurance --- Rates --- Medically Underserved Population --- Medically Underserved Populations --- Population, Medically Underserved --- Populations, Medically Underserved --- Underserved Population, Medically --- Underserved Populations, Medically --- Affordability --- Affordabilities --- Health Care Costs. --- Medically Underserved Area. --- Insurance, Health, Reimbursement. --- economics. --- United States.