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ISBN: 1462316557 1452795592 1282106341 9786613799692 1451904630 Year: 2002 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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Insufficient resources and inadequate public expenditure management often prevent governments in low-income countries from providing quality basic education free of charge. User payments by parents are an alternative means of financing basic education. This paper assesses how user payments affect educational opportunities and quality of education for children of poor families in low-income countries. Conditions are identified under which user payments can or cannot improve educational outcomes. User payments, whether taking the form of compulsory benefit taxation or voluntary user fees, are a temporary solution and second-best compared with free-access, publicly financed quality education that is consistent with macroeconomic stability.
Public Finance --- Gender Studies --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Educational Finance --- Education: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Education --- Public finance & taxation --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Expenditure --- Education spending --- Gender inequality --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Gender --- Expenditures, Public --- Sex discrimination --- Finance, Public --- Malawi
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ISBN: 1462308678 145272606X 1281369993 9786613779458 1451893426 Year: 2002 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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This paper provides evidence that cross-sectional wage inequality in the U.K. rose sharply in the 1980s, continued to rise moderately through the mid-1990s and has remained essentially unchanged since then. As in the U.S., increases in within-group inequality account for a substantial fraction of the rise in wage dispersion during 1975-99. Compositional shifts in the occupational and industry structures of aggregate employment are also shown to have had important effects on the evolution of wage inequality. The convergence of the wage distributions for men and women has, however, had a stabilizing effect on the overall wage distribution.
Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Women''s Studies' --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wage Differentials --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Labour --- income economics --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Income inequality --- Wage adjustments --- Women --- National accounts --- Gender --- Income distribution --- Economic theory --- United Kingdom --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies
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