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Analysis of firm-level panel data from three sub-Saharan African economies shows that exporting manufacturers have a total factor productivity premium of 11-28 percent. The data do not allow testing of whether these premiums are caused by selection of more efficient producers into exporting or by learning-by-exporting. By thinking about the mechanisms behind selectivity and learning, however, our finding of higher premiums for direct exporters and exporters to outside Africa could be interpreted as being consistent with learning-by-exporting effects. However, if learning-by-exporting is indeed present in the data, we cannot disentangle its effect on productivity from those of more traditionally recognized channels of international technology diffusion.

Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Firm Behavior --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Trade: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Foreign Aid --- Labor Economics: General --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Exports --- Productivity --- Foreign aid --- Total factor productivity --- Labor --- International trade --- Imports --- Industrial productivity --- International relief --- Labor economics --- Ghana --- Income economics

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Post conflict aid is different from conventional development aid and has different effects on the recipient economy. The paper builds a theoretical model tailored around the main stylized facts of post conflict aid and traces the impact of different kinds of post-conflict aid on capital accumulation, growth, welfare, and resource allocation. While both humanitarian and reconstruction aid are welfare-enhancing, humanitarian aid reduces long-run capital accumulation and growth. Reconstruction aid, on the other hand, may increase the long-run capital stock and, if carefully designed, avoid the pitfalls of the Dutch disease.

Exports and Imports --- Investments: General --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Foreign Aid --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Foreign aid --- Consumption --- Development assistance --- Capital accumulation --- Labor supply --- International relief --- Economics --- Saving and investment --- Labor market --- Income economics

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BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- Development / Economic Development --- Economic History --- Business & Economics --- Economic assistance --- Economic development --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations)

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IMF lending is generally conditional on specified policies and outcomes. These conditions usually are negotiated compromises between policies initially favored by the Fund and by the country's authorities. In some cases the authorities might be satisfied enough with the outcome to take responsibility for it ("own" it) even though it was not their original preference. In other cases, they might accept the outcome only to obtain financing, in which case weak commitment might lead to poor implementation. This paper reviews the theoretical basis for the importance of ownership, summarizes what is known about its empirical effects, and suggests a strategy for strengthening it.

Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Political Economy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Policy Objectives --- Policy Designs and Consistency --- Policy Coordination --- International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Institutions and the Macroeconomy --- Foreign Aid --- Labor Economics: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Political economy --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Banking --- Finance --- Structural reforms --- Foreign aid --- Labor --- Multilateral development institutions --- Financial institutions --- Macrostructural analysis --- Economics --- International relief --- Labor economics --- Banks and banking --- Development banks --- Bulgaria --- Income economics

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This publication provides detailed information on individual foreign aid commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) targeting the objectives of the Rio Conventions - the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity - for the years 1998-2000. For each commitment listed, information is provided on the receiving country and sector, the donor country and agency, the amount and type of aid (grant or loan), grant element percentage, and whether the aid can be considered to

Biodiversity conservation -- Developing countries. --- Climate change. --- Climatic changes -- Developing countries. --- Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). --- Convention on Desertification (1994). --- Desertification -- Control -- Developing countries. --- Economic assistance -- Developing countries -- Statistics. --- Environmental degradation. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Economic assistance. --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations)