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air pollution --- Pollution --- surveys --- Belgium
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Germany --- Lichens --- air pollution --- bioindicators --- bryophytes --- epiphytes
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In this study, we compared the body burden (in serum fat) of dioxins (PCDD/Fs), the concentrations of three heavy metals (lead in blood, mercury in urine, cadmium in urine), and the concentrations of serum CC16 in subjects living near two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) in Wallonia (Belgium) with that controls living in an unpolluted rural area.
A total of 85 subjects were recruited around the two MSWIs, 52 from a rural area (Thumaide 26 women and 26 men, aged 21 to 80 years) and 33 from Pont-au-Loup an industrial area (20 women and 17 men, aged 33 to 65). These subjects were compared with 27 control subjects (11 women and 16 men, aged 33 to 66) living in the Ardennes (Belgium). These groups were not significantly different with respect to age, gender, smoking habits and health status. Dioxins were quantified by GCMS, the heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry and the CC16 by latex immuno assay (LIA).
the dioxin body burden of residents near the Thumaide MSWI was significantly higher than that of the control subjects living on the Ardennes (36.7 va 27.2 pg TEQ/g fat, p = 0.01). By contrast, the dioxin body burden of subjects living near the Pont-au-Loup MSWI (24.3 pg TEQ/g fat) was slightly (but nor significantly) lower than that of the control. This difference between Thumaide and Pont-au-Loup is most probably due to the lower proportions of residents regularly consuming locally produced foods in Pont-au-Loup (27%) compared to Thumaide (50%).
The mean blood lead concentrations in the residents near the two MSWIs (Thumaide: 42.08 μg/L; Pont-au-Loup: 42.48 μg/L), was not significantly different from that in the control group (53.82 μg/L). The means concentrations of cadmium in urine in the Thumaide residents (0.57 μg/g creatinine) and in the Pont-au-Loup subjects (0.44 μg/g creatinine) were also significantly different compared to the control values (0.49 μg/g creatinine).
for the mercury concentration in urine, a significant difference was found between the subjects from Pont-au-Loup and the control group (2.24 vs 1.56 μg/g creatinine). But this difference not found in Thumaide (1.77 vs 1.56 μg/g creatinine), could be related to dental fillings.
We did not found any significant difference between the two exposed groups and controls for the serum concentration of CC16 (Thumaide: 8.41 vs 9.07 μg/L; Pont-au-Loup 8.42 vs 9.07 μg/L).
In conclusion, the emissions of the MSWIs do not appear to increase the concentrations of heavy metals and to induce change in serum CC16. However, the body burden of dioxins in the people from the Thumaide area was found 34% higher compared to the people living in the Ardenne. Dans cette étude, nous avons comparé la charge corporelle des dioxines (PCDD/Fs) dans la fraction lipidique du sérum, le taux de trois métaux lourds (le plomb sanguin, le mercure et le cadmium urinaire) ainsi que la concentration de CC16 sérique d’individus exposés aux émissions de deux incinérateurs de déchets ménagers par rapport à un groupe témoin qui vit dans un milieu rural non pollué.
Nous avons recruté 85 personnes vivant près des deux incinérateurs, 52 personnes sont originaires de la région de Thumaide (26 hommes et 26 femmes dont l’âge varie entre 21 et 80 ans), tandis que 33 personnes proviennent de la région de Pont-de-loup (17 hommes et 20 femmes dont l’âge varie entre 33 et 65 ans). Ces individus ont été comparés avec un groupe contrôle vivant en Ardenne (16 hommes et 11 femmes dont l’âge varie entre 33 et 66 ans). Un test de comparaison entre les différents groupes nous a permis de constater que ceux-ci ne diffèrent pas significativement en ce qui concerne l’âge, le sexe, les habitudes tabagiques et la fréquence des maladies chroniques.
la charge corporelle en dioxines des riverains de l’incinérateur de Thumaide était significativement augmentée par rapport au groupe contrôle (36.7 vs 27.7 pg TEQ/s lipides, p = 0.01). Par contre la charge corporelle des riverains de l’incinérateur de Pont-au-Loup n’était pas significativement différente par rapport au groupe témoin (24.3 pg TEQ /g lipides). Cette différence entre Thumaire et Pont-au-Loup est très probablement expliquée par la plus faible proportion d’individus qui consomment des produits locaux 27% à Pont-au-Loup contre 50% à Thumaide.
La plombémie des riverains des deux incinérateurs (Thumaide : 42.8 μg/L ; Pont-de-Loup : 42.48 μg/L) n’est pas significativement différente de celle du groupe témoin (53.82 μg/L). Aucune différence significative n’ pas être mise en évidence entre les riverains des deux incinérateurs (Thumaide : 0.57 μg/g créatinine ; Pont-au-Loup : 0.44 μg/g créatinine) en ce qui concerne le cadmium urinaire.
La concentration en mercure urinaire est significativement plus élevée chez les riverains de l’incinérateur de Pont-au-Loup comparativement au taux de mercure au sein du groupe témoin (2.24 vs 1.56 μg/g créatinine). Mais cette différence qui ne se retrouve pas à Thumaide (1.77 vs 1.56 μg/g créatinine), pourrait être expliquée par la présence d’un plus grand nombre d’amalgames dentaires.
Aucune différence significative n’ pas être mise en évidence entre les deux groupes exposés et le groupe témoin en ce qui concerne le taux de CC16 sérique.
En conclusion, les émissions des incinérateurs ne semblent pas augmenter la concentration en métaux lourds, et n’induiraient pas de changement au niveau de la concentration de la CC16 sérique. Toutefois, la charge corporelle en dioxines des riverains de l’incinérateur de Thumaide est augmentée de 34 % en comparaison avec le groupe contrôle
Air Pollution --- Environmental Exposure --- Dioxins --- Metals, Heavy
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Background. Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are two highly reactive compounds that have already been shown to be injurious to human health, and particularly to the centro-acinar region of the lungs. Several studies have demonstrated that measurement of lung-specific secretory proteins in serum, fir instance the 16 kDa Clara cell protein (CC16) and the surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) might be useful to assess alterations of the lung epithelial barrier following acute exposure to O3. However, no study has so far examined whether chronic exposure to photo-oxidants such as O3 and NO2 induces the same effects in humans.
Methods. 312 healthy non-smoking adults from areas with different ambient levels of O3 and NO2 were enrolled on this study. 78 subjects were from Cuernavaca North in the suburbs of Mexico, 95 were from Mexico City (Mexico) and 139 subjects from Paris (France). Each participant was followed for 5 days. NO2 exposure levels were assessed by personal passive monitors. Ambient O3 levels were measured by local monitoring stations. Blood samples were taken on days 5, in the morning, in order to assess the integrity of the lung epithelial barrier. CC16 was measured on the whole population. SP-A assay was performed on the Mexican population only.
Findings. Levels of ambient O3were singnificantly higher in the two Mexican areas (mean, 80 μg/m³/h) compared to Paris (mean, 30 μg/m³/h). No difference was however observed between the ambient NO2 concentrations. CC16 concentration in serum was on average 50% lower in the Mexican subjects compared to the subjects from Paris and showed an inverse dose-effect relationship with ambient O3 levels. By contrast, a slight increase in serum SP-A levels was found in the Mexican subjects and was positively correlated with O3 levels. CC16 and SP-A did not differ between the two Mexican groups.
Conclusions. This study shows that chronic exposure to O3 is associated with a decrease of CC16 I serum. As no relationship was observed with the NO2 concentrations, we assumed that O3 was the main constituent responsible for the observed effects. These observations, very similar to those observed within smokers suggest that chronic exposure to O3 is associated with epithelial lung injury
Air Pollution --- Environmental Exposure --- Lung Diseases --- Epithelium
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Environmental law --- Air pollution. Air purification --- Belgium
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