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Financial crises --- Business cycles --- Uncertainty --- Endogenous growth (Economics) --- Minsky, Hyman P.

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Depression, Mental --- Acupuncture --- Medicine, Chinese --- Complementary Therapies --- Behavioral Symptoms --- Mood Disorders --- Therapeutics --- Mental Disorders --- Behavior --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Depression --- Depressive Disorder --- Acupuncture Therapy --- Psychiatry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Psychiatric Disorders, Individual --- Alternative treatment --- Acupotomy --- Acupuncture Treatment --- Pharmacoacupuncture Therapy --- Pharmacoacupuncture Treatment --- Therapy, Acupuncture --- Acupotomies --- Acupuncture Treatments --- Therapy, Pharmacoacupuncture --- Treatment, Acupuncture --- Treatment, Pharmacoacupuncture --- Medicine, Chinese Traditional --- Medicine, East Asian Traditional --- Depression, Endogenous --- Depression, Neurotic --- Depression, Unipolar --- Depressive Syndrome --- Melancholia --- Neurosis, Depressive --- Unipolar Depression --- Depressions, Endogenous --- Depressions, Neurotic --- Depressions, Unipolar --- Depressive Disorders --- Depressive Neuroses --- Depressive Neurosis --- Depressive Syndromes --- Disorder, Depressive --- Disorders, Depressive --- Endogenous Depression --- Endogenous Depressions --- Melancholias --- Neuroses, Depressive --- Neurotic Depression --- Neurotic Depressions --- Syndrome, Depressive --- Syndromes, Depressive --- Unipolar Depressions --- Emotional Depression --- Depressive Symptoms --- Depression, Emotional --- Depressions --- Depressions, Emotional --- Depressive Symptom --- Emotional Depressions --- Symptom, Depressive --- Symptoms, Depressive --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Behavior Disorders --- Diagnosis, Psychiatric --- Mental Disorders, Severe --- Psychiatric Diagnosis --- Psychiatric Diseases --- Psychiatric Disorders --- Psychiatric Illness --- Mental Disorder --- Mental Disorder, Severe --- Psychiatric Disease --- Psychiatric Disorder --- Psychiatric Illnesses --- Severe Mental Disorder --- Severe Mental Disorders --- Mentally Ill Persons --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Disease --- Affective Disorders --- Affective Disorder --- Disorder, Affective --- Disorder, Mood --- Disorders, Affective --- Disorders, Mood --- Mood Disorder --- Behavioral Symptom --- Symptom, Behavioral --- Symptoms, Behavioral --- Alternative Therapies --- Therapy, Alternative --- Therapy, Complementary --- Alternative Medicine --- Complementary Medicine --- Medicine, Alternative --- Medicine, Complementary --- Therapies, Alternative --- Therapies, Complementary --- Chinese medicine --- TCM (Medicine) --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- Traditional medicine --- Counterirritation --- Energy medicine --- therapy --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Mental Illness --- Illness, Mental --- Mental Illnesses

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A large body of human epidemiological data, as well as experimental studies, suggest that environmental factors operating early in life potently affect developing systems, permanently altering structure and function throughout life. This process with its persistent organizational effects has been called 'programming'. The brain is a key target for such effects. This review focuses on the effects of adverse early environments, notably exposure to stress or glucocorticoids, upon subsequent adult hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, behaviour and cognition. We discuss the effects observed, the proposed underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms and the consequences for pathophysiology. The data suggest that key targets for programming include glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and the corticotrophin-releasing hormone system. Increasing evidence for analogous processes in humans is also reviewed. Early life programming of neuroendocrine systems and behaviour by stress and exogenous or endogenous glucocorticoids appears to be a fundamental process underpinning common disorders. Approaches to minimize or reverse the consequences of such early life events may have therapeutic importance.

Activity. --- Adult. --- Anxiety. --- Behaviour. --- Birth weight. --- Brain. --- Cognition. --- Consequences. --- Dexamethasone. --- Disorder. --- Early environment. --- Endogenous. --- Environment. --- Environments. --- Epidemiological. --- Events. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Fetal growth. --- Function. --- Gene-expression. --- Gene. --- Glucocorticoid. --- Glucocorticoids. --- Hormone. --- Human. --- Humans. --- Life. --- Mechanisms. --- Neuroendocrine. --- Pathophysiology. --- Prenatal stress. --- Prenatal. --- Receptor. --- Review. --- Stress. --- System. --- Systems.