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ISBN: 1462369235 1452762406 1281606545 9786613787255 1451892616 Year: 2001 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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In the growth literature, evidence on income convergence is mixed. In the development literature, health and education indicators are also often used. This study examines whether health and education levels are converging across countries and calculates their convergence speed, using data from 100 countries during 1970–96. A 3SLS procedure is used in a joint analysis of human capital convergence. The results confirm that investments in education and health are closely linked. We find unconditional convergence for life expectancy and infant survival, and enrollment rates, on average and by gender; and conditional convergence for all human capital indicators, including class size.
Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Women''s Studies' --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Health: Other --- Health: General --- Education: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Health economics --- Education --- Labour --- income economics --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Health --- Human capital --- Women --- Personal income --- Gender --- National accounts --- Income --- South Africa --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies
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ISBN: 1462371051 1451994451 1282107437 1451903839 9786613800787 Year: 2001 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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Throughout the world, the great popularity of programs to protect those who may fall into poverty stands in contrast with the weakness of policies aimed at helping individuals who are already poor to overcome long-term poverty. In the paper, an OLG model with persistent poverty and limited social mobility is used to explore some of the reasons for the different success rates of these two types of policies, as well as the gains that can be expected from these and other policies in terms of economic growth. The popularity of social insurance schemes may be due to their relative ex-ante fairness, while the reluctance of societies to support effective policies to reduce long-term poverty may be explained by the redistributive bias of these policies, especially in the short term. However, the failure to attack long-term poverty can reduce long-run growth.
Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Education: General --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Labour --- income economics --- Poverty & precarity --- Education --- Public finance & taxation --- Personal income --- Human capital --- Poverty --- Social assistance spending --- Income --- Expenditures, Public --- Income economics
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