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By the end of the 1970's, it was clear that all the known forces of nature (including, in a sense, gravity) were examples of gauge theories, characterized by invariance under symmetry transformations chosen independently at each position and each time. These ideas culminated with the finding of the gauge bosons (and perhaps also the Higgs boson). This important book brings together the key papers in the history of gauge theories, including the discoveries of: the role of gauge transformations in the quantum theory of electrically charged particles in the 1920's;

Gauge fields (Physics) --- Field theory (Physics) --- Classical field theory --- Continuum physics --- Physics --- Continuum mechanics --- Fields, Gauge (Physics) --- Gage fields (Physics) --- Gauge theories (Physics) --- Group theory --- Symmetry (Physics)

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Fluid mechanics --- Environmental aspects --- Fluides, Mécanique des --- Fluid mechanics. --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics

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Continuum mechanics --- Milieux continus, Mécanique des --- Problems, exercises, etc --- Problèmes et exercices

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This book contains the lectures given at the workshop "Dynamo and dynamics, a mathematical challenge" held in Cargese from August 21 to 26, 2000. The workshop differed from most previous conferences on the dynamo effect in two important respects. First, it was at this international conference that the experimental observation of homogeneous fluid dynamos was first reported. Second, the conference gathered scientists from very different fields, thus showing that thepynamo problem has become an interdisciplinary subject involving not only astrophysicists and geophysicists, but also scientists working in dynamical systems theory, hydrodynamics, and numerical simulation, as well as several groups in experimental physics. This book thus reports important results on various dynamo studies in these different contexts: - Decades after the discovery of the first analytic examples of laminar fluid dynamos, the self-generation of a magnetic field by a flow ofliquid sodium has been reported by the Karlsruhe and Riga groups. Although there were no doubts concerning the self generation by the laminar Roberts-type or Ponomarenko-type flows that were used, these experiments have raised interesting questions about the influence of the turbulent fluctuations on the dynamo threshold and on the saturation level of the magnetic field.

Dynamo theory (Cosmic physics) --- Magnetohydrodynamics --- Electric generators --- Théorie dynamo (Physique spatiale) --- Magnétohydrodynamique --- Générateurs électriques --- Congresses --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- Théorie dynamo (Physique spatiale) --- Magnétohydrodynamique --- Générateurs électriques --- Congrès --- Continuum physics. --- Fluids. --- Mathematical models. --- Geophysics. --- Astrophysics. --- Classical and Continuum Physics. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Mathematical Modeling and Industrial Mathematics. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Models, Mathematical --- Simulation methods --- Hydraulics --- Mechanics --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability --- Classical field theory --- Continuum physics --- Continuum mechanics

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Continuum mechanics --- Calculus of tensors. --- Milieux continus, Mécanique des --- Calcul tensoriel --- Mathematical models --- Modèles mathématiques