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2000 (4)

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The great train race : railways and the Franco-German rivalry, 1815-1914
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ISBN: 1845451368 1571811664 178238197X Year: 2000 Publisher: New York : Berghahn Books,

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Abstract

From their origins, railways produced an intense competition between the two major continental systems in France and Germany. Fitting a new technology into existing political institutions and social habits, these two nations became inexorably involved in industrial and commercial rivalry that eventually escalated into the armed conflict of 1914. Based on many years of research in French and German archives, this study examines the adaptation of railroads and steam engines from Britain to the continent of Europe after the Napoleonic age. A fascinating example of how the same technology, borrowed at the same time from the same source, was assimilated differently by the two continental powers, this book offers a groundbreaking analysis of the crossroads of technology and politics during the first Industrial Revolution.


Book
La greffe humaine : (in)certitudes éthiques : du don de soi à la tolérance de l'autre : dialogue plurisdisciplinaire sur "la greffe, le don et la société".
Authors: ---
ISSN: 12425087 ISBN: 2130505791 9782130505792 Year: 2000 Publisher: Paris Presses universitaires de France

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En 2008, en France, 222 patients sont décédés faute d'avoir reçu un greffon à temps, alors que seulement 4 620 greffes avaient été réalisées pour 13 687 personnes en attente. La pénurie est particulièrement aiguë pour les malades qui ont besoin d'un rein : on compte en moyenne seulement 1 greffon disponible pour 3 malades. Cette situation est assez générale en Europe, mais moins grave dans certains pays qui ont su développer, de différentes manières, une plus grande mobilisation des deux sources de greffons : les donneurs décédés et les donneurs vivants. Le séminaire qui s'est tenu à Paris les 6 et 7 mai 2009 s'est proposé de contribuer à la réflexion des autorités en charge de la révision des lois de bioéthique ainsi que, plus généralement, des milieux médicaux et de l'opinion publique, en apportant un éclairage européen sur les solutions possibles au déficit constaté. Des personnalités faisant autorité - médecins et chirurgiens, mais aussi juristes, sociologues, philosophes et responsables administratifs venant d'Allemagne, d'Espagne, d'Italie, de Grande-Bretagne, de Norvège, des Pays-Bas et de Suède - ont été invitées à présenter leurs expériences et à débattre des aspects éthiques associés, en présence de leurs homologues français et de responsables politiques. Cet ouvrage transcrit les interventions et les débats, souvent vifs, qui les ont suivies. Penser la greffe aujourd'hui, c'est l'envisager à travers les enjeux de la société. Face aux certitudes médicales, chaque individu perçoit des incertitudes éthiques. Les défis de la science imposent la transparence, garantie d'une " nouvelle démocratie ". La greffe apparaît alors ambivalente, dans son fondement philosophique, juridique et social, comme dans sa pratique chirurgicale. Faut-il parler de don altruiste ou d'échange réciproque à propos des " éléments et produits du corps humain " ? Dans le cas d'un prélèvement sur une personne décédée, la mort devient-elle " utile " parce qu'utilisée ? S'agit-il de mutiler pour réparer, ou de reconstruire l'homme et de repousser ainsi les limites de la vie ? Sur le terrain, le nombre important des refus de prélèvements induit-il vraiment une " pénurie " d'organes ? Faut-il l'attribuer au manque d'information du public, à la méfiance à l'égard des médecins, à l'attachement à des valeurs personnelles, aux droits des familles, à l'incontournable présence de l'Etat ? Le législateur, depuis l'élaboration des lois de bioéthique jusqu'à leur application réglementaire encore inachevée, a tenté de réaliser un cadre protecteur pour la personne humaine. Y est-il parvenu ? Ces débats d'idées ainsi que les résultats inattendus de la première enquête nationale sur le don d'organes constituent le point le plus complet à ce jour sur le sujet du prélèvement et de la greffe. Ce livre est né de la volonté d'éclairer les citoyens et d'attirer l'attention des politiques sur ce constat : la greffe existe, elle se doit de rester humaine.

Keywords

Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc. --- Medical ethics --- Greffe (Chirurgie) --- Ethique médicale --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Aspect moral --- Donation of organs, tissues, etc --- Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc --- Immunospecificity --- Donation of organs, tissues, etc. --- Immunospecificity. --- Transplantation --- Government Regulation --- Social Conditions --- orgaantransplantatie (allocatie van organen, donorschaarste) --- Frankrijk --- Immunological specifics --- Serological specificity --- Specificity (Immunology) --- Antibody diversity --- Antigenic determinants --- Binding sites (Biochemistry) --- Immune recognition --- Medical transplantation --- Organ transplantation --- Organ transplants --- Organs (Anatomy) --- Surgical transplantation --- Tissue transplantation --- Tissues --- Transplants, Organ --- Surgery --- Preservation of organs, tissues, etc. --- Procurement of organs, tissues, etc. --- Government Regulation and Oversight --- Government Regulations --- Regulation, Government --- Regulations, Government --- Transplantations --- Transplantation Immunology --- Transplantation Conditioning --- Anatomical gifts --- Organ donation --- Tissue donation --- ethics --- history --- transplantation d'organes (greffe d'organes, pénurie d'organes, allocation d'organes) --- France --- Donation --- Human transplant --- Socio-ethics --- Ethique médicale --- Transplant surgery --- Transplantation surgery --- Living Conditions --- Condition, Living --- Condition, Social --- Conditions, Living --- Conditions, Social --- Living Condition --- Social Condition --- Donation of organs, tissues, etc - Moral and ethical aspects - France --- Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc - Moral and ethical aspects - France

Tobacco war : inside the California battles
Authors: ---
ISBN: 0520222865 0520222857 1282355058 0520924681 9786612355059 0585390258 9780520924680 9780585390253 9780520222854 9780520222861 9781282355057 Year: 2000 Publisher: Berkeley, CA : University of California Press,

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Tobacco War charts the dramatic and complex history of tobacco politics in California over the past quarter century. Beginning with the activities of a small band of activists who, in the 1970's, put forward the radical notion that people should not have to breathe second-hand tobacco smoke, Stanton Glantz and Edith Balbach follow the movement through the 1980's, when activists created hundreds of city and county ordinances by working through their local officials, to the present--when tobacco is a highly visible issue in American politics and smoke-free restaurants and bars are a reality throughout the state. The authors show how these accomplishments rest on the groundwork laid over the past two decades by tobacco control activists who have worked across the U.S. to change how people view the tobacco industry and its behavior. Tobacco War is accessibly written, balanced, and meticulously researched. The California experience provides a graphic demonstration of the successes and failures of both the tobacco industry and public health forces. It shows how public health advocates slowly learned to control the terms of the debate and how they discovered that simply establishing tobacco control programs was not enough, that constant vigilance was necessary to protect programs from a hostile legislature and governor. In the end, the California experience proves that it is possible to dramatically change how people think about tobacco and the tobacco industry and to rapidly reduce tobacco consumption. But California's experience also demonstrates that it is possible to run such programs successfully only as long as the public health community exerts power effectively. With legal settlements bringing big dollars to tobacco control programs in every state, this book is must reading for anyone interested in battling and beating the tobacco industry.

Keywords

Tobacco -- Law and legislation -- California. --- Tobacco industry -- Political aspects -- California. --- Tobacco industry. --- Government Regulation --- Smoking --- Tobacco Use Disorder --- Smoking Cessation --- Tobacco Industry --- Tobacco --- Industry --- Social Control, Formal --- Substance-Related Disorders --- Habits --- Tobacco Use Cessation --- Solanaceae --- Behavior --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Angiosperms --- Sociology --- Diseases --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Mental Disorders --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Embryophyta --- Health Care --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Streptophyta --- Viridiplantae --- Plants --- Eukaryota --- Organisms --- State Law - except N.Y. --- Law - U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Tobacco industry --- Law and legislation --- Political aspects --- Tobacco manufacture and trade --- Tobacco products industry --- Mahorka --- Makhorka --- Nicotiana tabacum --- Plant products industry --- Nicotiana --- academic. --- california. --- court cases. --- cultural studies. --- culture. --- dare program. --- drugs. --- health and wellness. --- health education. --- law and order. --- lawsuits. --- legal issues. --- legislature. --- lung health. --- media. --- non smokers. --- plants. --- political. --- politics. --- proposition 99. --- research. --- respiratory health. --- san francisco. --- scholarly. --- smokers. --- smoking. --- tobacco control. --- tobacco industry. --- tobacco. --- war on drugs. --- west coast. --- western united states.


Periodical
Journal of network industries.
Authors: ---
ISSN: 25070681 Year: 2000 Publisher: The Hague : Schoten (Antwerp), Belgium : Kluwer Law International, Intersentia

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Keywords

Public utilities --- Aeronautics, Commercial --- Railroad law --- Telecommunication --- Electric utilities --- Postal service --- Electronic commerce --- Electronic funds transfers --- Electronic data interchange --- Railroad law. --- Law and legislation --- Law and legislation. --- Mail --- Mail service --- Post-office --- Carriers --- Communication and traffic --- Transportation --- Electric companies --- Electric light and power industry --- Electric power industry --- Electric industries --- Energy industries --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Government regulation of railroads --- Law, Railroad --- Railroads --- Concessions --- Corporation law --- Railroads and state --- Air service --- Air transport --- Air transportation industry --- Air transportation system --- Civil aeronautics --- Civil aviation --- Commercial aeronautics --- Commercial aviation --- Aeronautics --- Municipal utilities --- Public-service corporations (Public utilities) --- Utilities, Public --- Utility companies --- Municipal franchises --- Freedom of information --- Trade regulation --- Public utilities regulation --- Municipal powers and services beyond corporate limits --- Obscenity (Law) --- Airlines --- Banking law --- Business data interchange, Electronic --- EDI (Electronic data interchange) --- Electronic business data interchange --- Business --- Data transmission systems --- Commercial law --- Electric power --- EFT (Electronic funds transfers) --- Electronic banking --- Electronic check clearing --- Electronic money systems --- Electronic payments systems --- Electronic transfer of funds --- Funds, Electronic transfers of --- Telebanking --- Transfers of funds, Electronic --- Electronic benefits transfers --- Home banking services --- Cybercommerce --- E-business --- E-commerce --- E-tailing --- eBusiness --- eCommerce --- Electronic business --- Internet commerce --- Internet retailing --- Online commerce --- Web retailing --- Commerce --- Information superhighway --- Laws and regulations --- Data processing --- Legal status, laws, etc.

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