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In the popular literature, it is often assumed that a single conceptual framework can be applied to both dog–dog and dog–human interactions, including play. We have, through three studies, tested the hypothesis that dog–dog and dog–human play are motivationally distinct. In an observational study of dogs being walked by their owners (N=402), dogs which were walked together, and had opportunities to play with one another, played with their owners with the same frequency as dogs being walked alone. This finding was supported by a questionnaire survey of 2585 dog owners in which dogs in multi-dog households played slightly more often with their owners than dogs in single-dog households. The performance of dog–dog play does not, therefore, seem to suppress the dogs' motivation to play with their owners as would be predicted if they were motivationally interchangeable. In an experimental comparison of dog–dog and dog–human toy-centred play, the dogs were more likely to give up on a competition, to show and present the toy to their play partner, if that partner was human. When two toys were available, dogs playing with other dogs spent less time showing interest in both toys and possessed one of the toys for longer, than dogs playing with people. Overall, the dogs were more interactive and less likely to possess the object when playing with a person. We conclude that dog–dog and dog–human play are structurally different, supporting the idea that they are motivationally distinct. We therefore suggest there is no reason to assume that the consequences of dog–dog play can be extrapolated to play with humans.
Behaviour. --- Competition. --- Consequences. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Frequency. --- Human-animal relationship. --- Human. --- Humans. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Motivation. --- Object. --- People. --- Performance. --- Play behaviour. --- Play. --- Questionnaire survey. --- Questionnaire. --- Survey. --- Time. --- Toy.
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GUERRE ET CIVILISATION --- GUERRE MONDIALE (1914-1918) --- EUROPE --- TOTALITARISME --- HOLOCAUSTE JUIF (1939-1945, SHOAH) --- MEMOIRE COLLECTIVE --- FRANCE --- 1900-1945 --- INFLUENCE ET CONSEQUENCES --- CIVILISATION --- HISTOIRE --- HISTORIOGRAPHIE --- EUROPE DE L'OUEST --- HISTORIOGRAPHIE --- GUERRE ET CIVILISATION --- GUERRE MONDIALE (1914-1918) --- EUROPE --- TOTALITARISME --- HOLOCAUSTE JUIF (1939-1945, SHOAH) --- MEMOIRE COLLECTIVE --- FRANCE --- 1900-1945 --- INFLUENCE ET CONSEQUENCES --- CIVILISATION --- 1914-1945 --- HISTOIRE --- 20E SIECLE --- HISTORIOGRAPHIE --- EUROPE DE L'OUEST --- 20E SIECLE --- HISTORIOGRAPHIE --- 20E SIECLE
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The paper estimates an empirical relation based on Krugman’s ‘technological gap’ model to explore the influence of the pattern of international trade and production on the overall productivity growth of a developing country. A key result is that increased import competition in medium-growth (but not in low- or high-growth) manufacturing sectors enhances overall productivity growth. The authors also find that a production-share weighted average of (technological leaders’) sectoral productivity growth rates has a significant effect on the rate of aggregate productivity growth.
Exports and Imports --- Information Management --- Production and Operations Management --- Trade: General --- Economic Growth of Open Economies --- Economic Development: General --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Macroeconomics --- International economics --- Knowledge management --- Technology --- general issues --- Productivity --- Total factor productivity --- Imports --- Technology transfer --- International trade --- Industrial productivity --- United Kingdom
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This paper assesses productivity trends in Canada vis-a-vis the United States from two perspectives. The first one is based on estimates of total factor productivity. The second one decomposes productivity growth into two sources: investment-specific technical change, associated with improvements in the quality of the capital stock, and neutral technical change, associated with the organization of productive activities. The results indicate that investment-specific technical change is the major underlying cause of the pickup in productivity in Canada and the narrowing of the productivity gap with the United States.
Investments: Stocks --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Industries: Information Technololgy --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models --- Measurement of Economic Growth --- Aggregate Productivity --- Cross-Country Output Convergence --- Economywide Country Studies: U.S. --- Canada --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Labor Economics: General --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Labour --- income economics --- Investment & securities --- Information technology industries --- Productivity --- Total factor productivity --- Labor --- Stocks --- Consumption --- Financial institutions --- Emerging technologies --- Technology --- Industrial productivity --- Labor economics --- Economics --- United States
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