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This study constructs an index of human capital for the Spanish labor force over the past two decades and projects it over the next decade on the basis of likely demographic developments. The methodology considers both educational attainment resulting from formal schooling and improvements in workers’ productivity resulting from experience, or “learning by doing.” Furthermore, it allows for the fact that people with higher education accumulate human capital through learning by doing at a faster pace than less educated workers or, in other words, that the full returns to formal schooling are realized with a lag of many years. Using this index, a growth accounting exercise is conducted to estimate the impact of human capital accumulation on economic growth over the past two decades. Finally, potential output growth is projected over the next few years, taking into account the impact of human capital accumulation.

Labor --- Demography --- Measurement of Economic Growth --- Aggregate Productivity --- Cross-Country Output Convergence --- Education: Other --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Education: General --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Population & demography --- Human capital --- Labor force --- Aging --- Labor force participation --- Population and demographics --- Labor market --- Population aging --- Spain --- Income economics

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politique de l'emploi --- marche du travail --- pays de l'ocde --- werkgelegenheidsbeleid --- arbeidsmarkt --- oeso landen --- Labor supply --- -Labor supply --- -Full employment policies --- -331.12042094 --- Economic policy --- Employment stabilization --- Unemployment --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor pool --- Work force --- Workforce --- Labor market --- Human capital --- Labor mobility --- Manpower --- Manpower policy --- Electronic information resources --- Full employment policies --- Marché du travail --- Plein emploi --- Congresses --- Congrès

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As in other European transition economies, unemployment statistics in Slovakia are provided by two different sources: an official register of the unemployed (maintained by the National Labor office) and a Labor Force Survey (undertaken by the Statistical Office). The register of the unemployed, established in 1990, provides monthly statistics on the number of workers who are included in the register, whereas the Labor Force Survey, undertaken since 1993, provides quarterly data on employment and unemployment derived by interviewing a sample of 10,250 households.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Labor Economics: General --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor force --- Labor markets --- Labor market --- Labor economics --- Economic theory --- Slovak Republic --- Income economics

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How did the transition from compulsory education to work change during the 1990s and which types of transition policies worked best? The experiences of 14 OECD countries are examined in this volume to address these two key questions, for as requirements for knowledge and qualifications and skills rise and populations age, few countries can afford to have their young people enter the labour force unequipped for longer term participation in changing career patterns. Taking a broader view of transition outcomes than many previous comparative studies, this study reveals the complex and many-faceted national institutional arrangements that can result in successful transitions to working life. It argues not for single solutions or models, such as the adoption of apprenticeship, but for coherent national policy packages that draw from a limited number of key success ingredients: a healthy economy and labour market, well organised pathways from initial education to work and further study, opportunities to combine study and workplace experience, safety nets for those at risk, effective information and guidance systems, and policy processes involving both governments and other stakeholders. It also looks at the ways that countries are trying to lay solid foundations for lifelong learning during the transition phase through changes to educational pathways and institutions and through adopting more learner-centred approaches to teaching and learning.

Career education -- OECD countries. --- Labor supply -- Effect of education on -- OECD countries. --- School-to-work transition -- OECD countries. --- Career education --- School-to-work transition --- Labor supply --- Effect of education on --- Education --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor pool --- Work force --- Workforce --- Labor market --- Human capital --- Labor mobility --- Manpower --- Manpower policy --- School-to-careers programs --- School-to-work programs --- Transition, School-to-work --- Education, Cooperative --- Adult education. Lifelong learning

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Finland has recovered from the depression of the early 1990s, and is engaged in a new phase of economic expansion. Problems remain on the structural front and should be tackled for robust long-term growth. The restraint on the growth of public expenditures should be complemented by a significant reduction in the heavy tax burden on labor income. The macroeconomic policy stance should be complemented by other measures on the structural front to help expand the effective labor supply and enhance the supply response of the economy.

Labor --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Production and Operations Management --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Welfare & benefit systems --- Macroeconomics --- Labor markets --- Expenditure --- Social security contributions --- Potential output --- Labor force --- Production --- Taxes --- Labor market --- Expenditures, Public --- Social security --- Economic theory --- Finland --- Income economics