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Electronic structure. --- Semiconductors --- Analysis. --- Defects. --- Design and construction. --- Materials.

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This work aims to set up an automatic external quality fruit grading method. Special attention is drawn to various defects as wound, blemishes, physiological diseases, fungi attack, etc. Two 3- CCD cameras mounted on a proof bank were used for the image acquisition. For Golden delicious apple, characterized by an uniform colour, this latter was modelled by a multivariate gaussian distribution and the defect detection was carried out by computing the Mahalanobis distance separating a pixel's colour and the mean colour of the fruit. For Jonagold apples, having a multimodal colour frequency distribution, the defect location was based on a non-parametric model of the fruit colour and on Baye's theorem. In both cases, the development of an algorithm taking into account local information enhanced the segmentation precision. The calyx and stem ends, looking as a defect on the image, were detected by a pattern correlation technique. The segmented areas (poles, defects and over segmentation) were characterized with shape, colour and texture descriptors. The fruit grading into four classes (Extra, A, B and cull) according to European standards is obtained from using a cluster analysis on the segmented regions. The results obtained are favourable and make it possible to envisage the transfer of developed algorithms onto a commercial sorting machine.

Apples --- Grading --- Automation --- Colour --- Defects --- Imagery --- computer applications --- Algorithme

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Nuclear power plants --- Security measures --- Equipment and supplies --- Defects --- Chicago Bullet Proof Systems (Firm)

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Integrated circuits --- Iddq testing --- Metal oxide semiconductors, Complementary --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Electrical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Defects

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Human genetics --- Medical genetics --- Genetics, Medical --- Genetic Diseases, Inborn --- Génétique médicale --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Genetics, Medical. --- Genetic Diseases, Inborn. --- Medical genetics. --- Genetics & Genomics. --- Clinical genetics --- Diseases --- Heredity of disease --- Genetic Diseases --- Genetic Disorders --- Hereditary Disease --- Inborn Genetic Diseases --- Single-Gene Defects --- Hereditary Diseases --- Defect, Single-Gene --- Defects, Single-Gene --- Disease, Genetic --- Disease, Hereditary --- Disease, Inborn Genetic --- Diseases, Genetic --- Diseases, Hereditary --- Diseases, Inborn Genetic --- Disorder, Genetic --- Disorders, Genetic --- Genetic Disease --- Genetic Disease, Inborn --- Genetic Disorder --- Inborn Genetic Disease --- Single Gene Defects --- Single-Gene Defect --- Human Genetics --- Medical Genetics --- Genetics, Human --- Genetic aspects --- medical genetics --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Genetic disorders --- Anthropology, Physical --- Chromosome Disorders --- Sex Chromosome Disorders --- Molecular Medicine --- Genetics