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Decentralization in government. --- Intergovernmental cooperation. --- Political participation. --- Intergovernmental fiscal relations.

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Comparative government --- Federal government --- Government spending policy --- Intergovernmental fiscal relations

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April 1999 - Considering the positive impact decentralization has had on regional economic performance and expenditure structure, Russia's federal government should: Decisively protect local self-governance and budget autonomy; Make intergovernmental fiscal relations more transparent; Develop universal models of interactions between regional and municipal governments; Impose stricter limits on total debt and budget deficits of subnational governments. To shed light on decentralization in Russia, Freinkman and Yossifov examine intergovernmental fiscal relations within regions. To analyze trends, they review channels of fiscal allocation within regions-tax sharing and local transfer schemes. To evaluate the potential impact of various fiscal decentralization patterns on regional economic performance (including growth and the budget deficit), they study data on the structure of 89 Russian consolidated regional budgets for 1992-96. They find that local governments' relative share of Russia's consolidated budget, although substantive (roughly a quarter of the total budget), did not expand after 1994. The federal government's relative role in financing public goods and services declined as the relative role of local governments increased substantially. Local governments collected more revenues in 1996 (6.4 percent of GDP) and spent more than regional governments. They also substantially increased social financing (including health, education, and social protection). Russia made no progress toward a more transparent system for tax assignments. The average level of expenditure decentralization is similar for ethnically Russian regions and national republics and okrugs but revenue arrangements differ greatly. True decentralization has taken place in oblasts and krais, where local authorities are provided with a bigger share of subnational tax revenues. A redistribution model applies in republics and autonomous okrugs, where greater local outlays have been financed through larger transfers from regional governments. Regions near each other tend to have similar budget arrangements-the result of intensive interactions between neighbors and probably supported by the activities of regional associations. The size of a region's territory does not influence decentralization outcomes. Fiscal decentralization seems positively related to the share of education spending in regional budgets. And regions with more decentralized finances tend to experience less economic decline. But budget control is weaker in more decentralized regions. Instability and lack of transparency in intergovernmental fiscal relations provide subnational governments little incentive for responsible fiscal policy. Further decentralization without greater transparency could bring greater debt and deficits. This paper-a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region - is part of a larger effort in the unit to study fiscal decentralization in transition economies. Lev Freinkman may be contacted at lfreinkman@worldbank.org.

Accounting --- Accounting Standards --- Budget --- Budget Defic Budgets --- Debt Markets --- Debts --- Decentralization --- Expenditure --- Expenditures --- Federal Budget --- Finance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal Decentralization --- Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management --- Local Governments --- Municipal Financial Management --- Pension --- Pension Fund --- Public and Municipal Finance --- Revenue --- Revenues --- Share --- Shares --- Tax --- Urban Development --- Urban Economics

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Présentation générale.- 1. Y a-t-il une alternative au dualisme des solidarités? L'exemple des soins de santé.- 2. La péréquation financière, analyse de quatre pays.- 3. repenser la solidarité entre les Régions.- 4. Les finances de la Belgique fédérale.- 5. Inégalités et apuvreté, mesures et déterminants.- 6. La solidarité fiscale et parafiscale en Belgique.- 7. les perspectives budgétaires, des entités francophones.- 8. Sécurité sociale et solidarité interrégionale.- 9. Redistribution entre les générations, entre les Régions.

353.9.072 <493> --- 332.1 --- 332.1 <493> --- 353.9.076 --- 132 Sociale zekerheid --- 431 Financiering gemeenschappen en gewesten --- 332.1 Regionale economie. Territoriale economie. Territoriale structuur van de economie. Economische gebieden en zones. Regionale spreiding van de produktiefactoren. Standplaatsspreiding --- Regionale economie. Territoriale economie. Territoriale structuur van de economie. Economische gebieden en zones. Regionale spreiding van de produktiefactoren. Standplaatsspreiding --- 353.9.072 <493> Onderlinge verhouding van de besturen van gewesten, gemeenschappen--België --- Onderlinge verhouding van de besturen van gewesten, gemeenschappen--België --- Revenue sharing --- Partage fiscal --- politique budgetaire --- finances publiques pouvoirs regionaux --- 336.53 --- begrotingsbeleid --- openbare financien regionale overheden --- Financiële betrekkingen tussen het rijk, de provincies en de gemeenten. --- Intergovernmental fiscal relations --- Local finance --- Regional economic disparities --- Differentiations, Regional economic --- Disparities, Regional economic --- Economic disparities, Regional --- Imbalances, Regional economic --- Unequal economic development --- Variations, Regional economic --- Economic zoning --- Regional disparities --- Regional economics --- Regional planning --- County finance --- Finance, Local --- Township finance --- Finance, Public --- Grants-in-aid --- Federal-state fiscal relations --- Fiscal relations, Intergovernmental --- State-local fiscal relations --- Federal government --- Law and legislation --- Relations fiscales intergouvernementales --- Finances locales --- Disparités régionales --- 323.173 --- belgique --- communautes et regions --- demographie --- depenses de la securite sociale --- international --- revenus --- 321.68 --- 336.024 --- 368.40 --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- BX / Brussels - Brussel - Bruxelles --- VL / Flanders - Vlaams Gewest - Région Flamande --- WA / Wallonia - Région Wallonne - Waals Gewest --- federalisme --- belgie --- gemeenschappen en gewesten --- demografie --- socialezekerheidsuitgaven --- internationaal --- inkomens --- Federalisme --- Sociale begroting, rekeningen en uitgaven. Gezondheid --- Financiële betrekkingen tussen het rijk, de provincies en de gemeenten --- Sociale voorzorg en verzekeringen. Sociale zekerheid: algemeenheden --- Économie politique --- Economics --- Économie politique. --- Intergovernmental fiscal relations - Belgium --- Local finance - Belgium --- Regional economic disparities - Belgium --- Économie politique. --- Gemeenschappen en Gewesten --- Openbare financiën --- België --- Overheidsbeleid