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1. 1 Typical Problems of Data Analysis Every branch of experimental science, after passing through an early stage of qualitative description, concerns itself with quantitative studies of the phe nomena of interest, i. e. , measurements. In addition to designing and carrying out the experiment, an importal1t task is the accurate evaluation and complete exploitation of the data obtained. Let us list a few typical problems. 1. A study is made of the weight of laboratory animals under the influence of various drugs. After the application of drug A to 25 animals, an average increase of 5 % is observed. Drug B, used on 10 animals, yields a 3 % increase. Is drug A more effective? The averages 5 % and 3 % give practically no answer to this question, since the lower value may have been caused by a single animal that lost weight for some unrelated reason. One must therefore study the distribution of individual weights and their spread around the average value. Moreover, one has to decide whether the number of test animals used will enable one to differentiate with a certain accuracy between the effects of the two drugs. 2. In experiments on crystal growth it is essential to maintain exactly the ratios of the different components. From a total of 500 crystals, a sample of 20 is selected and analyzed.
Probabilities. --- Mathematical statistics. --- 519.2 --- Probability. Mathematical statistics --- 519.2 Probability. Mathematical statistics --- Mathematical statistics --- Probabilities --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Mathematics --- Chance --- Least squares --- Risk --- Statistics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Statistical methods --- Physics. --- Statistics . --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Numerical and Computational Physics, Simulation. --- Statistics for Engineering, Physics, Computer Science, Chemistry and Earth Sciences. --- Statistics for Business, Management, Economics, Finance, Insurance. --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical science --- Econometrics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics
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Although size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is perhaps the most popular and widely used technique for determining the molecular weight distribution of polymeric materials, there have been very few texts written on this topic. During the past decade, SEC has experienced a considerable amount of growth in regard to column and detector technology and new applications. With these advances, SEC can now be used for determining absolute molecular weight, polymer chain conformation and size, and branching, as well as polymer solution properties. This book introduces the reader to the fundamentals of SEC with emphasis on practical aspects of the technique, such as column and mobile selection, calibration, new detector capabilities and guidelines for performing SEC on most types of polymers, especially those of industrial importance. This book is intended for either those new to the field of SEC, or for those research workers who require a more comprehensive background.
Fysicochemical separation methods --- Gel permeation chromatography. --- Chromatographie sur gel --- Gel permeation chromatography --- Chromatography, Gel permeation --- Chromatography, Size exclusion --- Gel filtration chromatography --- SEC (Chromatographic analysis) --- Size exclusion chromatography --- Steric exclusion liquid chromatography --- Chromatographic analysis --- 543.544 --- 543.544 Chromatographic analysis. Chromatography --- Chromatographic analysis. Chromatography --- Polymers . --- Chromatography. --- Analytical chemistry. --- Biotechnology. --- Biochemistry. --- Polymer Sciences. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytic chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Analysis, Chromatographic --- Chromatography --- Analytical chemistry --- Phase partition --- Polymere --- Polymeride --- Polymers and polymerization --- Macromolecules --- Composition
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Our initial motivation for writing this book was the observation from various students that the subject of design and analysis of experiments can seem like “a bunch of miscellaneous topics. ”Webelievethattheidenti?cationoftheobjectivesoftheexperimentandthepractical considerations governing the design form the heart of the subject matter and serve as the link between the various analytical techniques. We also believe that learning about design and analysis of experiments is best achieved by the planning, running, and analyzing of a simple experiment. With these considerations in mind, we have included throughout the book the details of the planning stage of several experiments that were run in the course of teaching our classes. The experiments were run by students in statistics and the applied sciences and are suf?ciently simple that it is possible to discuss the planning of the entire experiment in a few pages, and the procedures can be reproduced by readers of the book. In each of these experiments, we had access to the investigators’ actual report, including the dif?culties they came across and how they decided on the treatment factors, the needed number of observations, and the layout of the design. In the later chapters, we have included details of a number of published experiments. The outlines of many other student and published experiments appear as exercises at the ends of the chapters. Complementing the practical aspects of the design are the statistical aspects of the anal ysis. We have developed the theory of estimable functions and analysis of variance with somecare,butatalowmathematicallevel.
Experimental design. --- Plan d'expérience --- 519.242 --- Experimental design --- #ABIB:astp --- Design of experiments --- Statistical design --- Mathematical optimization --- Research --- Science --- Statistical decision --- Statistics --- Analysis of means --- Analysis of variance --- Experimental design. Optimal designs. Block designs --- Experiments --- Methodology --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Mathematical Statistics --- 519.242 Experimental design. Optimal designs. Block designs --- Plan d'expérience --- EPUB-LIV-FT SPRINGER-B --- Mathematics. --- Science. --- Probabilities. --- Statistics. --- Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes. --- Science, general. --- Statistical Theory and Methods. --- Statistics for Engineering, Physics, Computer Science, Chemistry and Earth Sciences. --- Distribution (Probability theory. --- Mathematical statistics. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Statistics . --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Econometrics --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Chance --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk
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575.155 --- 630*232 --- 635.054 --- 631.52 --- 631.52 Improvement of plant strains. Applied genetics. Selection etc. --- Improvement of plant strains. Applied genetics. Selection etc. --- 635.054 Woody plants (shrubs and trees) in general --- Woody plants (shrubs and trees) in general --- 630*232 Artificial regeneration. Tree nursery practice. Sowing, planting and propagation of trees. Cuttings of trees --- Artificial regeneration. Tree nursery practice. Sowing, planting and propagation of trees. Cuttings of trees --- 575.155 Somatic cell genetics --- Somatic cell genetics --- Trees --- Woody plants --- Somatic embryogenesis --- Plant genetics. --- Forestry. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Trees. --- Plant Genetics and Genomics. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Plant Sciences. --- Tree Biology. --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Arboriculture --- Forests and forestry --- Timber --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Logging --- Tree crops --- Genetics --- Floristic botany --- Somatic embryogenesis. --- Trees - Somatic embryogenesis --- Woody plants - Somatic embryogenesis
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