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First Published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Neuroses. --- Personality. --- Psychoanalysis. --- Psychology --- Psychology, Pathological --- Personal identity --- Personality psychology --- Personality theory --- Personality traits --- Personology --- Traits, Personality --- Individuality --- Persons --- Self --- Temperament --- Neurosis --- Neurotic disorders --- Psychoneuroses --- Neuroticism --- Fathers --- Father and child --- Psychology.

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Development (Psychology) --- Developmental psychology --- Développement [Psychologie du ] --- Identité personnelle --- Ontwikkelingspsychologie --- Personality --- Personality theory --- Personality traits --- Personnalité --- Personology --- Persoonlijkheid --- Psychanalyse --- Psychoanalyse --- Psychoanalysis --- Psychologie [Ontwikkelings] --- Psychologie du développement --- Traits [Personality ] --- Traits de caractère --- Traits de personnalité --- #PBIB:2001.2 --- Psychology --- Psychology, Pathological --- Personal identity --- Personality psychology --- Traits, Personality --- Individuality --- Persons --- Self --- Temperament --- Developmental psychobiology --- Life cycle, Human --- Personality.

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Sociology of culture --- Multiple personality. --- Personality. --- Persoonlijkheidspsychologie --- handboeken en inleidingen --- handboeken en inleidingen. --- Handboeken en inleidingen. --- Multiple personality --- Personality --- Personal identity --- Personality psychology --- Personality theory --- Personality traits --- Personology --- Traits, Personality --- Psychology --- Individuality --- Persons --- Self --- Temperament --- Alternating personality --- Consciousness, Multiple --- DID (Personality disorder) --- Dissociated personality --- Dissociative identity disorder --- Double consciousness --- Double personality --- Dual personality --- MPD (Personality disorder) --- Multiple consciousness --- Multiple identity disorder --- Multiple personalities --- Multiple personality disorder --- Personality, Multiple --- Split personality --- Dissociative disorders

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When we say that a person deserves a positive or negative outcome, we are making a judgment that is influenced by a number ofvariables. We would certainly take into account whether the person was resp- siblefortheoutcomeorwhethertheoutcomecouldbeattributedtoother sources. We would also consider whether the actions that led to the positive or negative outcome were actions that we would value or - tionsthatwouldmeetwithourdisapproval.Wemightalsobeinfluenced by the person’s own positive or negative characteristics, by ourkno- edgeofwhatkinds ofgroups orsocialcategoriesthepersonbelongedto, and by whether we like or dislike the person. Information about these differentvariableshastobe consideredandintegratedin someway, and our judgment of deservingness follows that psychological process, a process that involves the cognitive-affective system. Values, Achievements, and Justice is about deservingness and about the variables that affect the judgments we make. I use the term “dese- ingness” although I could equally have referred to “deservedness” or “desert.” The terms are all virtually equivalent in meaning, although dictionaries may separate them by using fine distinctions. I assume that the sorts of variables I have just described will affect ourjudgments of deservingness, and I further assume that a judgment of deservingness is most likely to occur when these variables fit together in a consistent, harmonious, and balanced way.

Deservingness. --- Judgment. --- Social justice -- Psychological aspects. --- Judgment --- Social justice --- Psychology --- Social Sciences --- Psychological aspects --- Psychological aspects. --- Deservingness --- Judgement --- Jugement --- Oordeel --- #PBIB:2001.2 --- Psychology. --- Personality. --- Social psychology. --- Cognitive psychology. --- Personality and Social Psychology. --- Cognitive Psychology. --- Criminology and Criminal Justice, general. --- Consciousness. --- Criminology. --- Equality --- Justice --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Language and languages --- Thought and thinking --- Wisdom --- Crime --- Social sciences --- Criminals --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Cognitive science --- Mass psychology --- Psychology, Social --- Human ecology --- Social groups --- Sociology --- Personal identity --- Personality psychology --- Personality theory --- Personality traits --- Personology --- Traits, Personality --- Individuality --- Persons --- Self --- Temperament --- Study and teaching

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In the mid-1970s, as a social psychologist dedicated to the application of knowl­ edge, I welcomed our field's emerging interest in the legal system. I have al­ ways been fascinated by jury trials-something about the idea that two con­ ceptions of the truth were in irrevocable conflict and jurors could choose only one of them. More important, the criminal justice system is a major social force that has been ignored by social psychologists for most of the twentieth century. As I systematically began to explore the applications of social psycho­ logical concepts to the law 20 years ago, I experienced the delight of discovery similar to that of a child under a Christmas tree. It has been satisfying to be among the cohort of researchers who have studied the legal system, especially trial juries, from a psychological perspective. I believe we have learned much that would be useful if the system were to be revised. Hlf the system were to be revised" . . . there's the rub. As I have stated, my original motivation was the application of knowledge. Like other social scien­ tists, I believed-perhaps arrogantly-that the results of our research efforts could be used to make trial juries operate with more efficiency, accuracy, and satisfaction. Qver the last two decades, much knowledge has accumulated. How can we put this knowledge to work? Judges are the gatekeepers of the legal system.

Judges --- Judicial process --- Law --- Psychological aspects. --- Thinking --- Behavioral Sciences --- Social Control, Formal --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Mental Processes --- Sociology --- Social Sciences --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Health Care --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Decision Making --- Jurisprudence --- Psychology --- Law - U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Law - U.S. - General --- Psychological aspects --- United States --- Psychology. --- Personality. --- Social psychology. --- Clinical psychology. --- Criminology. --- Law and Psychology. --- Personality and Social Psychology. --- Clinical Psychology. --- Criminology and Criminal Justice, general. --- Crime --- Social sciences --- Criminals --- Psychiatry --- Psychology, Applied --- Psychological tests --- Mass psychology --- Psychology, Social --- Human ecology --- Social groups --- Personal identity --- Personality psychology --- Personality theory --- Personality traits --- Personology --- Traits, Personality --- Individuality --- Persons --- Self --- Temperament --- Behavioral sciences --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Human biology --- Philosophy --- Soul --- Mental health --- Study and teaching --- Judges - United States. --- Judicial process - United States. --- Law - Psychological aspects. --- PSYCHOLOGIE JUDICIAIRE --- DECISION JUDICIAIRE --- MARIAGE HOMOSEXUEL --- COUR SUPREME --- EXPERTISE --- ELABORATION