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Urban political machines in the United States, caciques in Latin America, the Mafia in Southern Italy, and gangster politicians in Russia are all examples of bossism: a common political phenomenon where local power brokers establish a monopoly of coercive and economic resources. Provincial warlords and political clans in the Philippines provide another striking case, yet the role of coercion in Filipino elections and social relations has largely been ignored. Portrayals of a 'weak state' captured by a landed oligarchy similarly neglect the legacy of American colonial rule and the importance of state resources for the accumulation of wealth and power. Case studies of bosses in two Philippine provinces, Cavite and Cebu, reveal the influence of different local political economies, and the gradual transformation of bossism through capitalist development. This comparative historical analysis of bossism will be of great interest to scholars of Southeast Asia and to students of comparative politics.

Local government --- Local officials and employees

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Europe --- Europe --- Officials and employees --- Fonctionnaires

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Office practice --- Stenographers --- Netherlands. --- Officials and employees.

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Secret service --- Officials and employees --- Soviet Union. --- Officials and employees --- Soviet Union --- Politics and government

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Agriculturists --- Recruiting --- United States. --- Officials and employees --- Recruiting.