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Down comes a deluge of sonorous hail, Or prone-descending rain. Wide-rent, the clouds Pour a whole flood, and yet, its flame unquenched, Th’unconquerable lightning struggles through. Ragged and fierce, or in red whirling balls, And fires the mountains with redoubled rage. Black from the stroke, above, the smould’ring pine Stands a sad shattered trunk; and, stretched below, A lifeless group the blasted cattle lie. James Thompson, “The Seasons” (1727) have been investigating ball lightning for more than two decades. I published a ball lightning report in Nature in 1976 that received worldwide publicity and I consequently many people wrote to me with accounts of their own experiences. Within a very short time, I had accumulated about 200 firsthand accounts, and the file has continued to grow steadily since then. Several things impressed me. Few of those who wrote to me had any detailed foreknowledge of ball lightning at the time of their observation. Nonetheless, once reports of other phenomena such as St. Elmo’s fire had been eliminated, the remaining descriptions were remarkably consistent. Furthermore, nearly all who contacted me were keen to have an explanation of what they had seen and seemed entirely sincere.

Ball lightning. --- bolbliksem --- atmosfeer --- Nuclear physics. --- Physics. --- Ball lightning --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Heavy ions. --- Hadrons. --- Geophysics. --- Geophysics and Environmental Physics. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Lightning --- Beaded lightning --- Ions --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics

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Since QCD is an ever growing area of physics, a number of sections in this third edition of the book have been expanded, in particular, those dealing with deep inelastic scattering. Here new material is included both on higher-order calculations, quite a number of which have become available in the last few years, and on the small-x limit of structure functions, where, triggered by the results of HERA, there has been considerable activity. Two other topics have also received special attention. One is the matter of bound states of heavy quarks, where inclusion of higher-order perturbative and nonperturbative corrections has led to a clarification of the QCD description, particularly for the lowest states of heavy quarkonia. The other concerns the results of high-order (four-loop) calculations and a new determination of the parameters of the theory, quark masses, etc.

Quantum chromodynamics --- Quantum chromodynamics. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Physics. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Ions --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics

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Life was simple when the dynamic, the spectral and the resolving powers of our instruments were small. One observed whole objects - planets, stars, sunspots, galaxies, often in rainbow colours. Then the revolution occurred: we acquired the centimetric eyes, the mil­ limetric eyes, the infrared eyes, the ultraviolet eyes, the X-ray eyes and the ,-ray eyes. With these we see mottles on the surface of stars, streams in sunspots, and spirals in nuclei of galaxies. We see regions of multiple mass densities and temperatures in a precari­ ous balance, losing it occasionally, exhaling flares. The universe is timed, cosmic phenomena are clocked; eternity is lost and variabil­ ity is bought. Microarcsecond resolutions revealed stirring and siz­ zling interiors underneath serene surfaces. Short durations and small scales demanded employing a discipline with similar attributes - the discipline of Plasmas and Fluids - known more for its complexity than for its felicity. Some would like to wish it away. We shall learn about plasmas for it is too little familiarity that breeds fear. Complexity can be systemized, to a large extent, by looking for a common denominator among apparently disparate phe­ nomena. It is not immediately obvious what the contents and the style of a graduate level course on plasmas and fluids aimed at understanding astrophysical phenomena should be. Plasmas and fluids are huge subjects by themselves. The cosmic phenomena where plasmas and fluids playa definite role are equally diverse and numerous.

Astrophysical plasmas --- Dynamique des fluides --- Fluid dynamics --- Plasma astrophysics --- Plasma-astrofysica --- Plasmas [Astrophysical ] --- Plasmas [Astrophysique des ] --- Vloeistofdynamica --- Fluid dynamics. --- Plasma astrophysics. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Astrophysics. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Condensed matter. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Ions --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom

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Justbefore the preliminary programof Orbis Scientiae 1998 went to press the news in physics was suddenly dominated by the discovery that neutrinos are, after all, massive particles. This was predicted by some physicists including Dr. Behram Kusunoglu, who had apaper published on this subject in 1976 in the Physical Review. Massive neutrinos do not necessarily simplify the physics of elementary particles but they do give elementary particle physics a new direction. If the dark matter content ofthe universe turns out to consist ofneutrinos, the fact that they are massive should make an impact on cosmology. Some of the papers in this volume have attempted to provide answers to these questions. We have a long way to go before we find the real reasons for nature’s creation of neutrinos. Another neutrino-related event was the passing of their discoverer, Fredrick Reines: The trustees of the Global Foundation, members of the Orbis Scientiae 1998, dedicate this conference to Fredrick Reines of the University of California at Irvine. The late Professor Reines was a loyal and active member of these series of conferences on the frontiers of physics and cosmology since 1964. He also sewed as one of the trustees of the Global Foundation for the past three years. Professor Reines discovered the most elusive particle, the neutrino, in 1954. We are proud to say that we recognized the importance of this discovery by awarding him the J.

Neutrinos --- String models --- Cosmology --- Nuclear physics. --- Quantum theory. --- Particle and Nuclear Physics. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Heavy ions. --- Gravitation. --- Mathematical physics. --- Atoms. --- Physics. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Matter --- Stereochemistry --- Physical mathematics --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Ions --- Constitution --- Mathematics --- Properties