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Over one million people world-wide have benefited from successful tissue and organ transplants and survival rates have dramatically improved. But transplantation has become a victim of its own success. The demand for human organs can no longer be met and deaths of persons on waiting lists have more than doubled since 1988. A number of alternatives have been proposed to fill the gap between the supply and demand of organs and the past few years have seen the development of various approaches derived from recent advances in biotechnology. Among these technologies is xenotransplantation - the transplantation of viable cells, tissues and organs from one animal species to another. Xenotransplantation of cells and tissues has been approved for clinical trials in a number of OECD countries. However, opinions about the risks from these early procedures and whether to proceed any further vary. At the New York 1998 Workshop on "International issues in transplantation biotechnology including the use of non-human cells, tissues and organs", world leaders in the field reported on the state of the art and unmet needs in transplantation, addressing in particular the potential, the risks, the ethics and socio-economic impacts of xenotransplantation. Based on presentations, transcripts of round-table discussions and comments raised at the workshop, this book provides an overview of the field and of current regulatory frameworks and addresses the most pressing international policy considerations on xenotransplantation.

Science and Technology --- Xenografts --- Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc --- Transplantation immunology --- Artiodactyla --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Social Control Policies --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Infection --- Transplantation --- Investigative Techniques --- Probability --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Mammals --- Outcome Assessment (Health Care) --- Social Sciences --- Mathematics --- Animal Population Groups --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Environment and Public Health --- Eukaryota --- Sociology --- Health Services --- Health --- Culture --- Research --- Medicine --- Art --- Persons --- Prognosis --- Biomedical Research --- Organisms, Genetically Modified --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Organism Forms --- Named Groups --- Health Occupations --- Science --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Quality of Health Care --- Diagnosis --- Policy --- Health Care --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Mathematical Concepts --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Population Characteristics --- Humanities --- Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) --- Organisms --- Vertebrates --- Surgical Procedures, Operative --- Anthropology, Cultural --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Phenomena and Processes --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Anthropology --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Diseases --- Chordata --- Health Services Administration --- Animal Welfare --- Animals, Genetically Modified --- Primates --- Swine --- Public Policy --- Economics --- Human Body --- Public Health --- Risk --- Statistics as Topic --- Animal Experimentation --- Developing Countries --- Transplantation, Heterologous --- Human Experimentation --- International Cooperation --- Animals --- Social Control, Formal --- Tissue Donors --- Treatment Outcome --- Internationality --- Tissue and Organ Procurement --- Industry --- Organ Transplantation --- Communicable Diseases --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Government policy --- Animal Cruelty --- Cruelty, Animal --- Welfare, Animal --- Administration, Health Services --- Chordates --- Chordate --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Cultural Anthropology --- Ethnography --- Ethnographies --- Ghost Surgery --- Operative Procedures --- Operative Surgical Procedure --- Operative Surgical Procedures --- Procedure, Operative Surgical --- Procedures, Operative Surgical --- Surgery, Ghost --- Surgical Procedure, Operative --- Operative Procedure --- Procedure, Operative --- Procedures, Operative --- Vertebrate --- Donabedian Model --- Donabedian Triad --- Outcome and Process Assessment --- Structure Process Outcome Triad --- Model, Donabedian --- Triad, Donabedian --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Concept, Mathematical --- Concepts, Mathematical --- Mathematical Concept --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Policies --- Antemortem Diagnosis --- Diagnoses and Examinations --- Examinations and Diagnoses --- Postmortem Diagnosis --- Antemortem Diagnoses --- Diagnoses --- Diagnoses, Antemortem --- Diagnoses, Postmortem --- Diagnosis, Antemortem --- Diagnosis, Postmortem --- Postmortem Diagnoses --- Disease --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Sciences --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Occupation, Health --- Occupations, Health --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- GMO Organisms --- Genetically Engineered Organisms --- Genetically Modified Organisms --- Organisms, Transgenic --- Transgenic Organisms --- Engineered Organism, Genetically --- Engineered Organisms, Genetically --- GMO Organism --- Genetically Engineered Organism --- Genetically Modified Organism --- Modified Organism, Genetically --- Modified Organisms, Genetically --- Organism, GMO --- Organism, Genetically Engineered --- Organism, Genetically Modified --- Organism, Transgenic --- Organisms, GMO --- Organisms, Genetically Engineered --- Transgenic Organism --- Experimental Medicine --- Investigational Medicine --- Investigative Medicine --- Research, Biomedical --- Research, Medical --- Medical Research --- Medicine, Experimental --- Medicine, Investigational --- Medicine, Investigative --- Prognostic Factors --- Factor, Prognostic --- Factors, Prognostic --- Prognoses --- Prognostic Factor --- Person --- Arts --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Laboratory Research --- Research Activities --- Research and Development --- Research Priorities --- Activities, Research --- Activity, Research --- Development and Research --- Priorities, Research --- Priority, Research --- Research Activity --- Research Priority --- Research, Laboratory --- Beliefs --- Cultural Background --- Customs --- Background, Cultural --- Backgrounds, Cultural --- Belief --- Cultural Backgrounds --- Cultures --- Custom --- Normalcy --- Normality --- Normalities --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- Service, Health --- General Social Development and Population --- Eucarya --- Eukarya --- Eukaryotes --- Eukaryotas --- Eukaryote --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Animal Population Group --- Population Group, Animal --- Population Groups, Animal --- Mathematic --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Assessment, Outcomes --- Outcome Measures --- Outcome Studies --- Outcomes Assessment --- Outcomes Research --- Assessment, Outcome (Health Care) --- Assessments, Outcome (Health Care) --- Assessments, Outcomes --- Measure, Outcome --- Measures, Outcome --- Outcome Assessments (Health Care) --- Outcome Measure --- Outcome Study --- Outcomes Assessments --- Research, Outcomes --- Studies, Outcome --- Study, Outcome --- Mammalia --- Mammal --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Probabilities --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Transplantations --- Infections --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, Social Control --- Policy, Social Control --- Social Control Policy --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Hippopotamus --- Peccary --- Artiodactylas --- Peccaries --- Medical transplantation --- Organ transplantation --- Organ transplants --- Organs (Anatomy) --- Surgical transplantation --- Tissue transplantation --- Tissues --- Transplants, Organ --- Heterografts --- Heterologous transplants --- Heteroplastic grafts --- Xenotransplantation --- Infectious Diseases --- Communicable Disease --- Disease, Communicable --- Disease, Infectious --- Diseases, Communicable --- Diseases, Infectious --- Infectious Disease --- Grafting, Organ --- Transplantation, Organ --- Graftings, Organ --- Organ Grafting --- Organ Graftings --- Organ Transplantations --- Transplantations, Organ --- Tertiary Sector --- Industries --- Sector, Tertiary --- Sectors, Tertiary --- Tertiary Sectors --- Donor Cards --- Organ Donation --- Required Organ Donation Request --- Required Request --- Tissue Donation --- Organ Procurement --- Organ Procurement Systems --- Tissue Procurement --- Card, Donor --- Cards, Donor --- Donor Card --- Organ Donations --- Organ Procurement System --- Organ Procurements --- Required Requests --- Tissue Donations --- Tissue Procurements --- Globalization --- International Aspects --- International Perspectives --- International Relations --- Multinational Aspects --- Multinational Perspectives --- Aspect, International --- Aspect, Multinational --- Aspects, International --- Aspects, Multinational --- International Aspect --- International Perspective --- Multinational Aspect --- Multinational Perspective --- Perspective, International --- Perspective, Multinational --- Perspectives, International --- Perspectives, Multinational --- Relations, International --- Clinical Effectiveness --- Clinical Efficacy --- Patient-Relevant Outcome --- Treatment Efficacy --- Rehabilitation Outcome --- Treatment Effectiveness --- Clinical Effectivenesses --- Effectiveness, Clinical --- Effectiveness, Treatment --- Effectivenesses, Clinical --- Efficacy, Clinical --- Efficacy, Treatment --- Outcome, Patient-Relevant --- Outcome, Rehabilitation --- Outcome, Treatment --- Outcomes, Patient-Relevant --- Patient Relevant Outcome --- Patient-Relevant Outcomes --- Donors --- Ovum Donors --- Semen Donors --- Transplant Donors --- Organ Donors --- Donor --- Donor, Organ --- Donor, Ovum --- Donor, Semen --- Donor, Tissue --- Donor, Transplant --- Donors, Organ --- Donors, Ovum --- Donors, Semen --- Donors, Tissue --- Donors, Transplant --- Organ Donor --- Ovum Donor --- Semen Donor --- Tissue Donor --- Transplant Donor --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Animalia --- Animal --- Metazoa --- Treaties --- Foreign Aid --- Aid, Foreign --- Cooperation, International --- Treaty --- Human Research Subject Protection --- Experimentation, Human --- Heterograft Transplantation --- Heterografting --- Heterologous Transplantation --- Xenograft Transplantation --- Xenografting --- Transplantation, Heterograft --- Transplantation, Xenograft --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Animal Experimental Use --- Animal Experiments --- Animal Research --- Animal Experiment --- Animal Experimental Uses --- Experiment, Animal --- Experimental Use, Animal --- Experimental Uses, Animal --- Experimentation, Animal --- Experiments, Animal --- Research, Animal --- Area Analysis --- Correlation Studies --- Correlation Study --- Correlation of Data --- Data Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Data --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Analysis, Area --- Analysis, Data --- Analysis, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Data Analyses --- Data Correlation --- Data Correlations --- Estimation Technic --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Correlation --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Correlation --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Estimation --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Relative Risk --- Relative Risks --- Risk, Relative --- Risks --- Risks, Relative --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Body Parts --- Body Parts and Fluids --- Body, Human --- Human Figure --- Bodies, Human --- Figure, Human --- Figures, Human --- Human Bodies --- Human Figures --- Parts, Body --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Wart Hogs --- Phacochoerus --- Pigs --- Suidae --- Warthogs --- Hog, Wart --- Hogs, Wart --- Wart Hog --- Primate --- Founder Animals, Transgenic --- GMO Animals --- Genetically Engineered Animals --- Animals, Transgenic --- Genetically Modified Animals --- Transgenic Animals --- Animal, GMO --- Animal, Genetically Engineered --- Animal, Genetically Modified --- Animal, Transgenic --- Animal, Transgenic Founder --- Animals, GMO --- Animals, Genetically Engineered --- Animals, Transgenic Founder --- Engineered Animal, Genetically --- Engineered Animals, Genetically --- Founder Animal, Transgenic --- GMO Animal --- Genetically Engineered Animal --- Genetically Modified Animal --- Modified Animal, Genetically --- Modified Animals, Genetically --- Transgenic Animal --- Transgenic Founder Animal --- Transgenic Founder Animals --- organization & administration --- diagnosis --- methods --- Vivisection --- Animal Use Alternatives --- Euthanasia, Animal --- Qualitative Research --- General Surgery --- Pharmacy Audit --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Audits --- Occupations --- Genetic Engineering --- Transgenes --- Food, Genetically Modified --- Animals, Laboratory --- Ethics, Research --- Zoology --- Transplantation Immunology --- Transplantation Conditioning --- Surgery --- Preservation of organs, tissues, etc. --- Procurement of organs, tissues, etc. --- Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc. --- Disease Outbreaks --- Disease Transmission, Infectious --- Commerce --- Ethics, Business --- Tissue and Organ Harvesting --- International Law --- Lysholm Knee Score --- Tissue Transplantation --- Directed Tissue Donation --- Transplant Donor Site --- Helsinki Declaration --- Bioethical Issues --- Embryo Research --- Fetal Research --- Research Subjects --- Models, Animal --- Risk Reduction Behavior --- Harm Reduction --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Policy Making --- Molecular Farming --- Health Workforce --- Material Culture --- Culture, Material --- Material Cultures --- Cultural Relativism --- Cultural Relativisms --- Relativism, Cultural --- Relativisms, Cultural --- Infection and Infestation --- Infections and Infestations --- Infestation and Infection --- Infestations and Infections --- Affirmative Action --- Action, Affirmative --- Surgical Procedures --- Procedure, Surgical --- Procedures, Surgical --- Surgical Procedure --- Diagnose --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Transplant surgery --- Transplantation surgery --- Incidence --- Transplantation, Heterologous. --- Public Policy. --- Hétérogreffes --- Greffe (Chirurgie) --- Congresses --- Congresses. --- Politique gouvernementale --- Congrès --- Immunologie