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Kazakhs --- Kazakhs --- Kazakhs --- Shamanism --- Shamanism. --- Travel. --- Rites and ceremonies --- Social life and customs --- Social life and customs. --- Altai Mountains --- Asia --- Kazakhstan. --- Description and travel.

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Despite their increasing fiscal burden, the public pension systems of BRO countries are failing to provide adequate social protection. Although there is a broad consensus about the need for pension reforms, BRO countries are debating whether to embark on systemic reforms or whether to correct the distortions in their pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension systems. The paper reviews the measures taken by BRO countries during the transition period to address their pension problems and examines the options for further reform. It makes a strong case for a gradual reform approach aimed at establishing a multi-pillar system over the long run, but initially focused on implementation of “high-quality” reforms of the PAYG system.

Labor --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Comparative Studies of Countries --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- Pensions --- Population & demography --- Labour --- income economics --- Pension spending --- Aging --- Pension reform --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- Population aging --- Kazakhstan, Republic of

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Since 1991, Kazakhstan, which is one of the two largest Central Asian republics, had attracted foreign direct investment worth US$4 billion by 1998. Whilst most of this investment has been in the energy and mineral sectors, there are also significant opportunities in other sectors of the economy. The Investment Guide for Kazakhstan has been prepared with three objectives in mind: firstly, to identify areas of opportunity for foreign investors; secondly to provide information about the historical, political, economic, financial and legal framework; and thirdly to help foreign direct investors from OECD Member countries draw balanced conclusions about the investment climate. The overview chapter contains constructive policy suggestions on the future attraction of foreign investment for the attention of the Government of Kazakhstan.

Commercial law --- Investments, Foreign --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Investment & Speculation --- Law and legislation --- Capital exports --- Capital imports --- FDI (Foreign direct investment) --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investment --- Foreign investments --- International investment --- Offshore investments --- Outward investments --- Capital movements --- Investments --- Business --- Business law --- Commerce --- Law, Commercial --- Mercantile law --- Law --- Law merchant --- Maritime law --- Kazakhstan --- Economic conditions --- Investissements étrangers --- Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Guides, manuels, etc --- Droit --- Conditions économiques

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This paper reviews economic developments in the Republic of Kazakhstan during 1995–98. Following a cumulative decline of 31 percent during 1992–95, real GDP began to recover in 1996, and the resumption of growth seems to have been firmly established with growth rates of 2 percent being recorded in 1997 and in the first quarter of 1998. At the same time, inflation has fallen continuously since reaching a peak of more than 3,000 percent (annual rate) in mid-1994. By the end of 1997, the rate of price increase had fallen to about 11 percent.

Budgeting --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Foreign Exchange --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Privatization --- Contracting Out --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Budgeting & financial management --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Pensions --- Budget planning and preparation --- Expenditure --- Arrears --- Pension spending --- Economic sectors --- Public financial management (PFM) --- External debt --- Budget --- Expenditures, Public --- Debts, External --- Kazakhstan, Republic of