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Individuals invest in their local environments by volunteering, getting involved in local government, becoming informed about their political leaders, joining non-professional organizations and even gardening. Homeownership may encourage these investments because homeownership gives individuals an incentive to improve their community and because homeownership creates barriers to mobility. Using the U.S. General Social Survey document that homeowners are more likely to invest in social capital, and a simple instrumental variables strategy suggests that the relationship may be causal. While our results are not conclusive, we find evidence that a large portion of the effect of homeownership on these investments may come from lower mobility rates for homeowners. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel homeownership and citizenship controlling for individual fixed effects. Finally, across cities and counties, areas with more homeowners have lower government spending, but spend a larger share of their government budget on education and highways.

Infrastructure (Economics)

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Infrastructure (Economics) --- Privatization. --- Concessions.

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Emergency management --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Research --- Defense measures

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Transport networks in Europe are insufficiently integrated and subject to widespread and increasing congestion, particularly on the roads. This publication reviews these issues and, more specifically, examines the problem of providing better access to Western Europe for peripheral regions and for Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the need to upgrade networks. Current responses to these problems are inadequate. Statistics and analytical tools are lacking, national approaches are highly differentiated, and analyses and concepts are rudimentary and overly sectoral. This publication analyses, on an homogeneous basis, the inland transport infrastructures, the investment forecasts and the main traffic flows in 30 European countries of the ECMT. This comparative presentation may be considered as a first step towards better knowledge of the European background.

Transport --- Transportation --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Business & Economics --- Transportation Economics

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The 1998 Report Card for America's Infrastructure seeks to inform the public and policy makers about the condition of the nation's infrastructure and how best to improve it. This progress report examines the current trends for addressing the nation's deteriorating infrastructure and discusses actions the federal government should take to bring conditions up to acceptable levels. The 1998 report card evaluates 10 categories of infrastructure by assigning letter grades that are based on physical condition and needed fiscal investments for improvement. Topics include: aviation, bridges, dams, drinking water, hazardous waste, roads, schools, solid waste, mass transit, and wastewater. Also included as supplemental material is Fragile Foundations: A Report on America's Public Works, a report published in 1988 by the National Council on Public Works Improvement. This 29-page document lay the groundwork for ASCE's future Report Card for America's Infrastructure.

Infrastructure (Economics) --- Public works --- Evaluation. --- Maintenance and repair.