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QUANTUM OPTICS --- EXPERIMENTS --- QUANTUM OPTICS --- EXPERIMENTS

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Science --- Technology --- Study and teaching (Elementary) --- Experiments.

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Electricité --- Electronique --- Elektriciteit --- Elektronica --- Optica --- Optique --- Problèmes et exercices --- Problèmes et exercices --- Electric power --- Electricity --- Physics --- Electronics --- Optics --- Électricité --- Physique --- Électronique --- Experiments --- Experiments. --- Expériences --- Électricité --- Électronique --- Expériences.

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The design inference uncovers intelligent causes by isolating their key trademark: specified events of small probability. Just about anything that happens is highly improbable, but when a highly improbable event is also specified (i.e. conforms to an independently given pattern) undirected natural causes lose their explanatory power. Design inferences can be found in a range of scientific pursuits from forensic science to research into the origins of life to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. This challenging and provocative 1998 book shows how incomplete undirected causes are for science and breathes new life into classical design arguments. It will be read with particular interest by philosophers of science and religion, other philosophers concerned with epistemology and logic, probability and complexity theorists, and statisticians.

Experimental design. --- Probabilities. --- Experimental design --- Probabilities --- Plan d'expérience --- Probabilités --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Design of experiments --- Statistical design --- Combinations --- Mathematics --- Chance --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk --- Mathematical optimization --- Research --- Science --- Statistical decision --- Statistics --- Analysis of means --- Analysis of variance --- Experiments --- Methodology --- Arts and Humanities --- Philosophy --- Intelligent design (Teleology)

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Intense aggression is the most common behavioural response when pigs from two different groups are put together. The triggering mechanism which elicits the aggressive response appears to be the lack of recognition between the groups. However, recognition among animals may include elements of both previous exposure (familiarity) and genetic relatedness, which are confounded when re-grouping pigs. Two experiments were conducted to determine if recognition among piglets is based on familiarity alone or also involves genetic relatedness. In the first experiment, 80 crossbred piglets from litters crossfostered within 3 days of birth were regrouped in pens of five pigs following weaning at 28 days of age. Each test group was composed of two siblings reared together (ST), an alien (non-related) piglet reared with the two siblings (AT), a sibling reared apart (SA), and an alien piglet reared apart from the other group members (AA). Each pen was videotaped for 6 h following regrouping and the tapes were analyzed to determine the duration of fighting among pairs of pigs and the proportion of time spent lying in contact with other pigs. Dyads which had been reared together spent less time fighting than those reared apart (67 vs. 252 s, respectively; P < 0.0001, general linear model). Related dyads spent a similar amount of time fighting as unrelated pairs (187 s and 131 s, respectively). Although 80% of the piglets demonstrated preferences for lying partners during the observation, no consistent pattern existed across pens for specific pairings. In the second experiment, five litters were each divided into two groups within 72 h after birth and reared on separate sows. At 6 weeks of age pigs were paired either with a full sibling (16 pairs) or a non-sibling (14 pairs), either of which had been reared separately. Reunited full siblings spent a similar amount of time fighting, within the 4 h following regrouping, compared to non-siblings (1425 vs. 1814 s, respectively). Based

Age. --- Aggression. --- Aggressive. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Association. --- Birth. --- Contact. --- Duration. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Exposure. --- Fighting. --- Genetic. --- Group. --- Lying. --- Model. --- Observation. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Pen. --- Pig. --- Piglets. --- Pigs. --- Preference. --- Preferences. --- Rearing. --- Recognition. --- Regrouping. --- Response. --- Sow. --- Sows. --- Swine. --- Test. --- Time. --- Weaning. --- Young.