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Against the background of Brazil’s highly unequal distribution of income and wealth, and its history of alienation and passivity of the poor, in particular during the years of political authoritarianism, this paper shows how an active civil society, driven by ethical concerns, has, since 1993, nudged democratic government at different levels as well as enterprises of the public sector into undertakings which alleviate poverty directly in various ways and open up new perspectives for a number of the poor. While the reach and impact of these programmes is still rather limited in the face of the country’s 32 million “extremely poor” (1990), and data are lacking for a comprehensive evaluation, the approach followed deserves attention as a large-scale experiment which introduces new political practices, based on dialogue between administrations and committees of citizens about priorities as well as implementation and monitoring of activities. In political terms, the main achievement is ...
Development --- Brazil
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Against the background of Brazil’s highly unequal distribution of income and wealth, and its history of alienation and passivity of the poor, in particular during the years of political authoritarianism, this paper shows how an active civil society, driven by ethical concerns, has, since 1993, nudged democratic government at different levels as well as enterprises of the public sector into undertakings which alleviate poverty directly in various ways and open up new perspectives for a number of the poor. While the reach and impact of these programmes is still rather limited in the face of the country’s 32 million “extremely poor” (1990), and data are lacking for a comprehensive evaluation, the approach followed deserves attention as a large-scale experiment which introduces new political practices, based on dialogue between administrations and committees of citizens about priorities as well as implementation and monitoring of activities. In political terms, the main achievement is ...
Development --- Brazil
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Arts, Brazilian --- Arts --- Brazil --- Brazil. --- Civilization
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Le Brésil est sur le point de devenir l'un des plus importants pays d'accueil de l'investissement direct étranger (IDE) d'Amérique latine et du monde. L'attrait exercé par le Brésil s'est sensiblement accru grâce aux réformes économiques importantes et aux privatisations de grande envergure qui en ont fait le plus grand marché latino-américain ainsi qu'un acteur-clé du Mercosur. La propagation de la libéralisation, la restructuration de l'économie brésilienne et la poursuite de l'intégration économique devraient amplifier cette tendance dans les années à venir. Il y a tout lieu de se féliciter des politiques mises en place par le gouvernement du Brésil pour enrayer la discrimination à l'égard des investisseurs étrangers et de leurs investissements, protéger leurs actifs (tangibles ou intangibles) et créer des mécanismes de règlement des différends. Cette étude souligne cependant qu'un certain nombre d'inquiétudes subsistent en matière d'accès au secteur bancaire, de discrétion réglementaire ou administative et de barrières structurelles. Mais l'adhésion aux principes de libéralisation de l'OCDE sont de nature à consolider et conforter le gouvernment brésilien dans la voie des réformes, tout en offrant un cadre favorable à l'expansion des relations entre le Brésil et les pays de l'OCDE dans le domaine de l'IDE.
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OECD's 1998 review of Brazils foreign direct investment policy. It finds that Brazil is on the verge of becoming one of the leading recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Latin America and the world. Major economic reforms and large scale privatisations have enhanced Brazil's attractiveness as the largest Latin American market and as a key player in Mercosur. This trend should pick up speed in the coming years with further liberalisation, the restructuring of the Brazilian economy and the pursuance of economic integration. There is every reason to commend the policies adopted by the Government of Brazil to eliminate discriminatory treatment towards foreign investors and their investments, protect their tangible and intangible assets and provide for the resolution of investment disputes. The study highlights, however, some lingering areas of concern, notably with respect to access to the banking system, government discretionary action and existing market distortions. The adherence to OECD liberalisation principles should nevertheless consolidate and comfort the reform process in Brazil while providing a favorable framework for the expansion of FDI relations between Brazil and OECD countries.
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Brazil = Brasil --- herbaria --- universities
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