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Michael Titheradge provides both the experienced researcher and the newcomer with time-tested techniques to cover all aspects of NO synthase and metabolism. Topics range from the cloning and expression of the different isoforms of NO synthase to the role of NO in DNA damage and apoptosis and include indirect and direct measurements of NO production, measurement on NO synthase mRNA both in situ and in vitro, and Western blotting and immunohistochemical localization of different isoforms of NO synthase. A variety of alternative techniques are described to enable researchers to set up an assay using either the simplest equipment or the most expensive EPR machines.

Biochemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition

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The meeting on "Molecular Mechanisms of Lipid and Protein Traffic", sponsored by NATO Scientific Affairs Division as an Advanced Study Institute and by the Federation of European Biochemical Societies as a Lecture Course was held in Cargese, France, in June 1997. The program included introductory lectures, specialized up-to-date contributions, poster sessions, tutorials and workshops. Emphasis was laid on the new developments in the field of membrane dynamics, in particular on the insertion and translocation of proteins; on intracellular protein, lipid and membrane traffic and sorting and on the mutual interactions between the various events occurring during membrane biogenesis. Mitochondrial biogenesis, chloroplast assembly and the insertion of proteins into peroxisomes were highlighted. Much progress in these research areas has been made in recent years and the ASI provided an excellent opportunity to illustrate this progress in comparison with previous meetings on a similar topic. Not only graduate students and postdocs took advantage from this program but also experienced scientists were given the opportunity to obtain a complete overview of recent progress and the remodeling of ideas and concepts.

Molecular biology --- Membrane proteins --- Physiological transport --- Congresses --- Membrane lipids --- Biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Membranes (Biology) --- Lipids --- Proteins

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In spite of tremendous scientific progress over the past years, cell biologists do not yet understand the fundamental processes that determine the life cy­ cle of a cell. Such are: cell movement and cell spreading, cell division, cell communication, cell signaling, cell regeneration and cell death. Biochemistry has enabled us to recognize and to isolate an overwhelming number of new proteins. In vitro assays and the reinjection of proteins into cells and tissues have provided insights into molecular functions and cellular mechanisms. The renaissance of the genetic approach by applying restriction enzymes and vectors, PCR and antisense technology has enabled us to overexpress certain cellular products, to make altered constructs of cell components or to create "knock-out" mutants that entirely lack the factor of interest. Amazingly en­ ough, all these molecular toys have led to a stream of information but not, in a comparable degree, to a better understanding. Has the puzzle become too complex to get solved; or are the windows too small that we are looking through? As an attempt to answer both questions, the aim of the present mono­ graph Modern Optics, Electronics and High Precision Techniques in Cell Biol­ ogy is first to provide cell and molecular biologists with a whole new scope of easily applicable techniques including brand-new optical, biophysical, physicochemical and biosensoric devices. Secondly, these newly developed techniques allow us to look at cells and biological systems as a whole.

Biosensors. --- Cytology --- Microscopy. --- Molecular biology --- Basic Sciences. Biology --- Technique. --- Cellular Biology. --- Cell biology. --- Biochemistry. --- Cell Biology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Composition

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Recent years have seen tremendous progress in unraveling the molecular basis of different plant-microbe interactions. Knowledge has accumulated on the mecha­ nisms of the microbial infection of plants, which can lead to either disease or resistance. The mechanisms developed by plants to interact with microbes, whether viruses, bacteria, or fungi, involve events that can lead to symbiotic association or to disease or tumor formation. Cell death caused by pathogen infection has been of great interest for many years because of its association with plant resistance. There appear to be two types of plant cell death associated with pathogen infection, a rapid hypersensitive cell death localized at the site of infection during an incompatible interaction between a resistant plant and an avirulent pathogen, and a slow, normosensitive plant cell death that spreads beyond the site of infection during some compatible interactions involving a susceptible plant and a virulent, necrogenic pathogen. Plants possess a number of defense mechanisms against infection, such as (i) production of phytoalexin, (ii) formation of hydrolases, (iii) accumulation of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein and lignin deposition, (iv) production of pathogen-related proteins, (v) produc­ tion of oligosaccharides, jasmonic acid, and various other phenolic substances, and (vi) production of toxin-metabolizing enzymes. Based on these observations, insertion of a single suitable gene in a particular plant has yielded promising results in imparting resistance against specific infection or disease. It appears that a signal received after microbe infection triggers different signal transduction pathways.

Histology. Cytology --- Phytopathology. Phytoparasitology --- Plant-microbe relaties --- Plant-microbe relationships --- Relations plante-microbe --- Biochemistry. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Plant Sciences. --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Floristic botany --- Symbiosis. --- Plant-microbe relationships. --- Microbiology. --- Plant-microbe interactions --- Consortism --- Symbiogenesis --- Microbiology --- Bacteriology

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This book of the proceedings of the 1997 NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Direct Methods for Solving Macromolecular Structures was assembled from the lecturers' contributions and represents a comprehensive and in-depth overview of crystallographic structure determination methods for macromolecules. While having a focus based on the direct methods, the Institute adopted an inclusive and broad perspective. Thus, both direct and experimental phasing techniques are presented in this book, highlighting their complementarities and synergies. As weil, methodologies spanning the full crystallographic image reconstruction process - from low resolution envelope definition to high resolution atomic refinement- are discussed. The first part of the book introduces the array of tools currently used in structure determination, whether originating from a mathematical, computational or experimental framework. This section of the book displays the variety and ingenuity of old and new phasing approaches developed to solve increasingly complex structures. Some of the contributions focus on recent developments and/or implementations that have given older approaches a new life. A case in point is the re-implementation of Buerger's superposition approach, which is now solving protein structures. Another beautiful example is found in the introduction to the traditional multiple isomorphous replacement approach where new techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis and the use of inert gases in the preparation of heavy atom derivatives, are described. Equally impressive are the presentations of newer approaches, which take advantage of advances on the experimental front (e. g.

Macromolecules --- Crystallography --- Structure --- Congresses --- Crystallography. --- Biochemistry. --- Physical chemistry. --- Crystallography and Scattering Methods. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Leptology --- Physical sciences --- Mineralogy --- Composition --- Molecules --- Supramolecular chemistry --- Macromolecules - Structure - Congresses --- Crystallography - Congresses