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Abeilles --- Bijen --- Périodiques --- Tijdschriften --- Apiculture --- apiculture --- Belgium --- apiculture. --- Bee culture --- Bees --- Bees.

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A scientist before he was a beekeeper, Mark L. Winston found in his new hobby a paradigm for understanding the role science should play in society. In essays originally appearing as columns in Bee Culture, the leading professional journal, Winston uses beekeeping as a starting point to discuss broader issues, such as how agriculture functions under increasingly complex social and environmental restraints, how scientists grapple with issues of accountability, and how people struggle to maintain contact with the natural world. Winston's reflections on bees, beekeeping, and science cover a period of tumultuous change in North America, a time when new parasites, reduced research funding, and changing economic conditions have disrupted the livelihoods of bee farmers."Managed honeybees in the city provide a major public service by pollinating gardens, fruit trees, and berry bushes, and should be encouraged rather than legislated out of existence. Our cities, groomed and cosmopolitan as they appear, still obey the basic rules of nature, and our gardens and yards are no exception. Homegrown squashes, apple trees, raspberries, peas, beans, and other garden crops require bees to move the pollen from one flower to another, no matter how urbanized or sophisticated the neighborhood."

Bee culture. --- Honeybee. --- Apis mellifera --- European honeybee --- Hive bee --- Honey bee --- Apis (Insects) --- Bees --- Bee culture --- Apiculture --- Bee keeping --- Beekeeping --- Honeybee --- Honeybee culture --- Keeping, Bee --- Keeping bees --- Rearing of bees --- Insect rearing --- Rearing

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This Test Guideline is a laboratory test method, designed to assess the acute contact toxicity of pesticides and other chemicals to adult worker honeybees. Anaesthetized adult worker honeybees are exposed to five doses in a geometric series of the test substance dissolved in appropriate carrier (in total a volume of 1 ml), by direct application to the thorax (droplets). A minimum of three replicate test groups, each of ten bees, should be dosed with each test concentration. A toxic standard (usually dimethoate) should be included in the test series. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 ìg active ingredient/bee. The test duration is 48h. Mortality is recorded daily during at least 48 hours and compared with control values. If the mortality rate is increasing between 24 and 48h whilst control mortality remains at an accepted level, it is appropriate to extend the duration of the test to a maximum of 96h. The results are analysed in order to calculate the LD50 at 24h and 48h and, in case the study is prolonged, at 72h and 96h.

Environment --- Toxicity testing --- Bee culture --- Apiculture --- Bee keeping --- Beekeeping --- Honeybee --- Honeybee culture --- Keeping, Bee --- Keeping bees --- Rearing of bees --- Insect rearing --- Poisons --- Toxicological testing --- Toxicology --- Toxicology testing --- Toxicology, Experimental --- Rearing --- Testing