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Pressure Ulcer --- Bedding and Linens --- Beds --- prevention & control --- standards

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Hierarchy positions in groups of sows are settled relatively quickly, though long term stability can be affected by several factors including method of feeding. Fighting is less intense between pigs of unequal sizes, may be reduced by previous exposure but is less affected by the presence of a boar. Larger groups have more hierarchy positions to resolve and therefore more fighting. Greater space allowance appears to have little effect on fighting at mixing but can reduce aggression in the longer term. Barriers can limit aggression by allowing losers to escape more easily. Provision of ad libitum feed has been shown to reduce aggression over the short term. Straw bedding has no effect on fighting. Chemical intervention techniques would appear to delay rather than reduce fighting. Newly mixed sows should be supervised to reduce fighting. The fighting which occurs during mixing results in physiological stress responses which can have detrimental effects on reproductive parameters. However, the short-term nature of this response means that detrimental effects can be avoided by careful timing of regrouping. It is therefore possible to achieve equally good reproductive performance in group-housing systems as in systems with individual housing, provided that good management is practised

Ad-libitum. --- Aggression. --- Bedding. --- Boar. --- Consequences. --- Escape. --- Exposure. --- Feeding. --- Fighting. --- Group housing. --- Group. --- Hierarchy. --- Housing. --- Individual housing. --- Long-term. --- Management. --- Method. --- Mixing. --- Parameters. --- Performance. --- Physiological. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Position. --- Positions. --- Production. --- Provision. --- Regrouping. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Sow. --- Sows. --- Space allowance. --- Space. --- Straw bedding. --- Straw. --- Stress response. --- Stress-response. --- Stress. --- System. --- Systems. --- Welfare.

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This study investigated the role of maternal behavior on the long-term effects of postnatal manipulation (15 min of daily separation from the dam and exposure to clean bedding from Day 1 to Day 14 of postnatal life) on emotionality in the mouse. Mothers were treated with an antianxiety agent (Chlordiazepoxide: 5 mg/kg), daily upon removal of the litter from the nest. Emotionality in adult offspring was tested in the elevated plus maze. Mice manipulated during postnatal development were more explorative and less anxious than unhandled mice, but this effect was not observable in the offspring of Chlordiazepoxide-treated dams. No effect of maternal Chlordiazepoxide was observed in unhandled offspring. The pharmacological treatment of the mother did not affect either pups' ultrasonic calling during separation, or maternal behavior far apart from the daily manipulation sessions. By contrast, Chlordiazepoxide-treated dams were less responsive toward pups upon reunion following daily separation. This alteration of dams' behavior was not related to alterations in the amount of ultrasonic calls emitted by pups during reunion. Finally, when dams were daily injected with Chlordiazepoxide far apart from pups' removal, the pharmacological treatment was devoid of effects. These results support the view that the mother-infant interaction which follows separation plays a major role in determining the effects of postnatal manipulations on adult emotionality.

Adult. --- Bedding. --- Behavior. --- Chloradiazepoxide. --- Development. --- Elevated plus maze. --- Emotionality. --- Exposure. --- Interaction. --- Life. --- Long-term. --- Maternal behavior. --- Maternal behaviour. --- Maternal separation. --- Maternal-behavior. --- Maternal. --- Mice. --- Mother. --- Mouse. --- Nest. --- Play. --- Postnatal-development. --- Pups. --- Separation. --- Stress. --- Treatment. --- Ultrasonic calls. --- Ultrasound.