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Alongside Moctezuma and Benito Juárez, Pancho Villa is probably the best-known figure in Mexican history. Villa legends pervade not only Mexico but the United States and beyond, existing not only in the popular mind and tradition but in ballads and movies. There are legends of Villa the Robin Hood, Villa the womanizer, and Villa as the only foreigner who has attacked the mainland of the United States since the War of 1812 and gotten away with it. Whether exaggerated or true to life, these legends have resulted in Pancho Villa the leader obscuring his revolutionary movement, and the myth in turn obscuring the leader. Based on decades of research in the archives of seven countries, this definitive study of Villa aims to separate myth from history. So much attention has focused on Villa himself that the characteristics of his movement, which is unique in Latin American history and in some ways unique among twentieth-century revolutions, have been forgotten or neglected. Villa’s División del Norte was probably the largest revolutionary army that Latin America ever produced. Moreover, this was one of the few revolutionary movements with which a U.S. administration attempted, not only to come to terms, but even to forge an alliance. In contrast to Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Fidel Castro, Villa came from the lower classes of society, had little education, and organized no political party. The first part of the book deals with Villa’s early life as an outlaw and his emergence as a secondary leader of the Mexican Revolution, and also discusses the special conditions that transformed the state of Chihuahua into a leading center of revolution. In the second part, beginning in 1913, Villa emerges as a national leader. The author analyzes the nature of his revolutionary movement and the impact of Villismo as an ideology and as a social movement. The third part of the book deals with the years 1915 to 1920: Villa’s guerrilla warfare, his attack on Columbus, New Mexico, and his subsequent decline. The last part describes Villa’s surrender, his brief life as a hacendado, his assassination and its aftermath, and the evolution of the Villa legend. The book concludes with an assessment of Villa’s personality and the character and impact of his movement.

Villa, Francisco --- Villa, Pancho --- Mexico --- History --- Revolution, 1910-1920 --- Chihuahua (Mexico : State) --- Villa, Pancho, - 1878-1923. --- Mexico - History - Revolution, 1910-1920. --- Chihuahua (Mexico : State) - History. --- Social movements --- History. --- Villa, Pancho, --- Movements, Social --- Social history --- Social psychology --- Vilʹi︠a︡, Pancho, --- Villa, Francisco, --- Arrango, Doroteo, --- Arango, Doroteo, --- Germán, Doroteo Arango, --- Arango Arámbula, José Doroteo,

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Mexican Americans --- Community leadership --- Community life --- Community power --- Leadership --- Chicanos --- Hispanos --- Ethnology --- Politics and government. --- History --- Crystal City (Tex.) --- Cristal (Tex.) --- Crystal City, Tex. --- Ethnic relations. --- Américains d'origine mexicaine --- Leadership communautaire --- Politique et gouvernement --- Histoire --- Crystal City (Texas) --- Crystal city (Texas) --- Politics and government --- Ethnic relations --- Relations interethniques

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Feminists --- Feminism --- Gender & Ethnic Studies --- Social Sciences --- Gender Studies & Sexuality --- Biography --- Friedan, Betty. --- Goldstein, Elizabeth Naomi --- United States --- Politics and government --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Friedan, Betty --- anno 1900-1999 --- United States of America --- Book

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How has the Japanese government persuaded its citizens to save substantial portions of their incomes? And to care for the elderly within the family? How did the public come to support legalized prostitution as in the national interest? What roles have women's groups played in Japan's "economic miracle"? What actually unites the Japanese to achieve so many economic and social goals that have eluded other polities? Here Sheldon Garon helps us to understand this mobilizing spirit as he taps into the intimate relationships everyday Japanese have with their government. To an extent inconceivable to most Westerners, state directives trickle into homes, religious groups, and even into individuals' sex lives, where they are frequently welcomed by the Japanese and reinforced by their neighbors. In a series of five compelling case studies, Garon demonstrates how average citizens have cooperated with government officials in the areas of welfare, prostitution, and household savings, and in controlling religious "cults" and promoting the political participation of women. The state's success in creating a nation of activists began before World War II, and has hinged on campaigns that mobilize the people behind various policies and encourage their involvement at the local level. For example, neighborhoods have been socially managed on a volunteer basis by small-business owners and housewives, who strive to rid their locales of indolence and to contain welfare costs. The story behind the state regulation of prostitution is a more turbulent one in which many lauded the flourishing brothels for preserving Japanese tradition and strengthening the "family system," while others condemned the sexual enslavement of young women. In each case, we see Japanese citizens working closely with the state to recreate "community" and shape the thought and behavior of fellow citizens. The policies often originate at the top, but in the hands of activists they take on added vigor. This phenomenon, which challenges the conventional dichotomy of the "state" versus the "people," is well worth exploring as Western governments consider how best to manage their own changing societies.

Japan --- Abe Isoo. --- Akamatsu Tsuneko. --- Anesaki Masaharu. --- Asahi shimbun. --- Boy Scouts of Japan. --- Bureau of Hygiene. --- Bureau of Local Affairs. --- Campaign to Beautify Japan. --- Central Charity Association. --- Edo relief shelters. --- Fascist Italy. --- First Higher School. --- Fujimura Yoshirō. --- Gauntlett Tsune. --- Gold Plan. --- Hani Motoko. --- Hani Setsuko. --- Hatoyama Haruko. --- Hommichi sect. --- Ichinomiya Fusajirō. --- Ikeda Yoshimasa, Inoue Tomoichi. --- Iwakura Tomomi. --- Japan Consumer Information Center. --- Japan Women’s College. --- Kanamori Michitomo. --- Kawasaki Natsu. --- Kusama Yasoo. --- Madonna Boom. --- Matsudaira Sadanobu. --- Narita Ryuichi. --- Ohira Masayoshi. --- Onishi Aijird. --- Poor Law of 1601 (England). --- Salvation Army. --- adultery. --- blue-line zones. --- children’s associations. --- comfort women. --- customs reform groups. --- dance halls. --- divorce. --- emperor-system ideology. --- evil cults. --- freedom of religion. --- geisha. --- laissez-faire theory. --- millenarianism. --- monogamy. --- parent-teacher associations. --- proletarian parties. --- recycling.

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Outside the Fold is a radical reexamination of religious conversion. Gauri Viswanathan skillfully argues that conversion is an interpretive act that belongs in the realm of cultural criticism. To that end, this work examines key moments in colonial and postcolonial history to show how conversion questions the limitations of secular ideologies, particularly the discourse of rights central to both the British empire and the British nation-state. Implicit in such questioning is an attempt to construct an alternative epistemological and ethical foundation of national community. Viswanathan grounds her study in an examination of two simultaneous and, she asserts, linked events: the legal emancipation of religious minorities in England and the acculturation of colonial subjects to British rule. The author views these two apparently disparate events as part of a common pattern of national consolidation that produced the English state. She seeks to explain why resistance, in both cases, frequently took the form of religious conversion, especially to "minority" or alternative religions. Confronting the general characterization of conversion as assimilative and annihilating of identity, Viswanathan demonstrates that a willful change of religion can be seen instead as an act of opposition. Outside the Fold concludes that, as a form of cultural crossing, conversion comes to represent a vital release into difference.Through the figure of the convert, Viswanathan addresses the vexing question of the role of belief and minority discourse in modern society. She establishes new points of contact between the convert as religious dissenter and as colonial subject. This convergence provides a transcultural perspective not otherwise visible in literary and historical texts. It allows for radically new readings of significant figures as diverse as John Henry Newman, Pandita Ramabai, Annie Besant, and B. R. Ambedkar, as well as close studies of court cases, census reports, and popular English fiction. These varying texts illuminate the means by which discourses of religious identity are produced, contained, or opposed by the languages of law, reason, and classificatory knowledge. Outside the Fold is a challenging, provocative contribution to the multidisciplinary field of cultural studies.

Conversion --- India. --- England. --- England --- India --- Religion. --- Advaitism. --- Anabaptists. --- Anglicanism. --- Bengal Regulations. --- Brahmo Samaj. --- Calvinism. --- Catholics. --- Darwinism. --- Fabian socialism. --- Gorham judgment. --- House of Commons. --- Jainism. --- Jesus Christ. --- Legislative Council. --- administrative rationality. --- age (chronological). --- agnosticism. --- alienation. --- anarchy. --- backsliding. --- biographical fallacy. --- blasphemy. --- church rates. --- class consciousness. --- colonialism. --- cosmopolitanism. --- dalits. --- democracy. --- disestablishment. --- ecclesiastical authority. --- egalitarianism. --- ethnocentrism. --- excommunication. --- feminism. --- foundationalism. --- fundamentalism. --- gnostic mysticism. --- heirship. --- historiography. --- iconoclasm. --- ideology. --- individualism. --- inheritance. --- joint electorates. --- knowledge-production. --- literary form. --- maintenance. --- materialism. --- miscegenation. --- nationalism. --- occultism. --- orthodoxy. --- ostracism.