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Snuff boxes and bottles --- Guo li li shi bo wu guan (China)

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Noise levels (sound pressure levels, SPLs) were monitored over 24 and 48 h in a number of different types of kennels including shelters, training establishments and research laboratories. Two measures of SPL were used, L-peak and L-eq over both low (1 Hz-20 kHz) and high (12.5-70 kHz) frequency ranges and using a linear weighting. At most sites the noise levels followed a diurnal pattern; levels were generally low and relatively constant overnight, increased gradually in the early morning and then fluctuated during the working day. Levels decreased in the evening at different times depending on the local regimes. In one facility near railway lines the diurnal pattern was less obvious. During the day L-peak values regularly exceeded 100 dB and often reached 125 dB; L-eq values were between 65 and 100 dB. The high noise levels were caused mainly by barking, but husbandry procedures such as cleaning also contributed to them, The noise levels recorded here may have welfare implications. If this is shown to be the case, it is not yet clear what are the best methods of reducing the levels. There is currently a lack of adequate guide lines for noise levels in dog kennels. The current work has highlighted an area of concern in dog husbandry that urgently needs to be addressed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V

Area. --- Barking. --- Boxes. --- Canis-familiaris. --- Cleaning. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Frequency. --- Housing. --- Husbandry. --- Kennels. --- Laboratory. --- Level. --- Life. --- Method. --- Need. --- Needs. --- Noise. --- Pattern. --- Research. --- Shelter. --- Shelters. --- Sleep. --- Sound-pressure. --- Sound. --- Time. --- Training. --- Weighting. --- Welfare. --- Work.

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This study compared the capability for social entrainment of the circadian locomotory rhythms of solitary versus socially living nocturnal small mammals. Therefore single adult golden hamsters and Mongolian gerbils of both sexes were kept under LD 12:12 and then transferred in their cages to a dark chamber (DD), which was covered with an opaque material, but located permanently in a room with other conspecifics exposed to a light regime (LD 12:12). The animal in the chamber was able to detect acoustical and olfactorial stimuli of the conspecifics outside the chamber. Under these experimental conditions all the golden hamsters and gerbils investigated developed free-running rhythms of activity with an individual-specific spontaneous period. In golden hamsters these free-running rhythms were never entrained or masked. In 5 out of 6 gerbils the free-running of activity rhythms stopped after a few days and the rhythms were more or less pronounced entrained or masked. Unexpectedly the response was not induced via signals from the conspecifics but quite probably by the caretaking procedures in the animal room. Therefore, our results suggest that in neither investigated species did social entrainment of the circadian activity rhythms occur

Activity. --- Adult. --- Animal. --- Boxes. --- Cage. --- Circadian activity. --- Circadian rhythm. --- Circadian. --- Conspecific. --- Entrainment. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Golden hamster. --- Golden-hamster. --- Golden-hamsters. --- Hamster. --- Hamsters. --- Kept. --- Light. --- Mammals. --- Masking. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian gerbils. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Response. --- Rhythm. --- Rhythms. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Social entrainment. --- Social. --- Solitary. --- Stimuli. --- Time.

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Art, Modern --- Art --- Surrealism --- Superrealism --- Surrealism in art --- Arts, Modern --- Art, Occidental --- Art, Visual --- Art, Western (Western countries) --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Visual --- Fine arts --- Iconography --- Occidental art --- Visual arts --- Western art (Western countries) --- Arts --- Aesthetics --- Catalogs --- Private collections&delete& --- Bergman, Edwin --- Bergman, Lindy --- Cornell, Joseph --- Kōneru, Jozefu, --- Lindenberger, Betty Lindy --- Lindenberger, Lindy --- Bergman, Betty Jane --- Art collections --- Catalogs. --- Art Institute of Chicago --- Chicago. Art Institute --- Art Institute Chicago --- Musée de Chicago --- Shikago Bijutsukan --- Chicago Academy of Fine Arts (1879-1882) --- Art styles --- collages [visual works] --- boxes [containers] --- assemblages [sculpture] --- drawing [image-making] --- painting [image-making] --- private collections --- Surrealist --- Arp, Hans --- Magritte, René --- Richier, Germaine --- Chirico, de, Giorgio --- Dubuffet, Jean --- Ernst, Max --- Bellmer, Hans --- Picasso, Pablo --- Llorens i Artigas, Josep --- Fini, Léonor --- Graham, John D. --- Morise, Max --- Penrose, Roland --- Balthus --- Brauner, Victor --- Mesens, E.L.T. --- Tsjelitsjev, Pavel --- Vail, Laurence --- Miró, Joan --- Lam, Wifredo --- Masson, André --- Tanguy, Yves --- Lindner, Richard --- Breton, André --- Picabia, Francis --- Dalí, Salvador --- Delvaux, Paul --- Motherwell, Robert --- Gorky, Arshile --- Carrington, Leonora --- Schwitters, Kurt --- Matta, Roberto --- Man Ray --- Calder, Alexander --- anno 1900-1999 --- Private collections --- Art, Primitive --- Kōneru, Jozefu --- private collections [object groupings]