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The environmental aspects involved in the production and use of cement, concrete and other building materials are of growing importance. CO2 emissions are 0.8-1.3 ton/ton of cement production in dry process. SO2 emission is also very high, but is dependent upon the type of fuel used. Energy consumption is also very high at 100-150 KWT/ton of cement produced. It is costly to erect new cement plants. Substitution of waste materials will conserve dwindling resources, and will avoid the environmental and ecological damages caused by quarrying and exploitation of the raw materials for making cement

Concrete --- Waste products. --- Additives. --- Waste products --- Additives --- Engineering --- Civil Engineering

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Concrete --- Plasticizers. --- Superplasticity. --- Béton --- Additives. --- Additifs

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Whey --- Food additives --- Rheological properties --- Economic analysis

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(E) -hex-2-enal also called "leaf aldehyde" is widely used as a green note in aroma compositions. This molecule is obtained from linolenic acid by the sucessive action of two enzymes : lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase. A source of lipoxygenase and of hydroperoxide lyase was selected from a screening study for their selectivity to form and to cleave 13-hydroperoxide of linolenic acid, the key intermediate in (E) -hex-2-enal synthesis. These two enzymes were purified and their catalitic activity was characterized taking particularly into account the study of their inhibition. The knowledge of the enzymatic system allowed us to consider the production of (E) -hex-2-enal. The reactions catalysed by lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase were optimalized individually. The non enzymatic isomerisation of (Z) -hex-3-enal into (E) -hex-2-enal and the extraction of the last compound from the reaction medium were studied to consider the complete reaction from the fatty acid to the final product.

Linoleic acid --- Enzymes --- Flavour --- Food additives --- Enzyme activity --- Biosynthesis

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Concrete -- Additives. --- Pavements, Concrete. --- Reinforced concrete construction. --- Pavements, Concrete --- Concrete --- Reinforced concrete construction --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Transportation Engineering --- Additives --- Additives. --- Concrete admixtures --- Concrete pavements --- Concrete construction --- Pavements, Flexible