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The environmental aspects involved in the production and use of cement, concrete and other building materials are of growing importance. CO2 emissions are 0.8-1.3 ton/ton of cement production in dry process. SO2 emission is also very high, but is dependent upon the type of fuel used. Energy consumption is also very high at 100-150 KWT/ton of cement produced. It is costly to erect new cement plants. Substitution of waste materials will conserve dwindling resources, and will avoid the environmental and ecological damages caused by quarrying and exploitation of the raw materials for making cement

Concrete --- Waste products --- By-products --- Industrial wastes --- Products, Waste --- Trades-waste --- Utilization of waste --- Waste materials --- Manufacturing processes --- Factory and trade waste --- Recycling (Waste, etc.) --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Scrap materials --- Substitute products --- Waste spills --- Concrete admixtures --- Additives --- Engineering --- Civil Engineering --- Waste products. --- Additives.