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Middle East --- Moyen-Orient --- Dictionaries. --- Dictionnaires anglais

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Middle East --- Moyen-Orient --- Bibliography --- Bibliographie --- Orientalisme --- Proche-Orient --- Exoticism in literature --- Middle East specialists --- Biography --- Middle East - Bibliography

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Middle East --- Africa, North --- Moyen-Orient --- Afrique du Nord --- Economic conditions --- Economic integration. --- Conditions économiques --- Intégration économique

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Mamelouks --- Mamelukes --- Mamelukken --- Mameluks --- Middle East --- Moyen-Orient --- History --- Histoire --- Egypt --- 1250-1517 --- Mamelukes. --- Mamelouks. --- Mamelukken. --- Islam. --- Islam --- Geschichte. --- Histoire. --- Mamelucken. --- 1250-1517. --- Egipto --- Égypte --- Egypt. --- Egypte --- Historia

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In 1992, the University of Texas published "Before writing, volume I : From Counting to Cuneiform" and "Before Writing, volume II : A Catalog of Near Eastern Tokens". In these two volumes, Denise Schmandt-Besserat set forth her groundbreaking theory that the cuneiform script invented in the Near East in the late fourth millennium B.C. - the world's oldest known system of writing - derived from an archaic counting device. "How writing came about" draws materials from both volumes to present Schmandt-Besserat's theory for a wide public and classroom audience. Based on the analysis and interpretation of a selection of 8.000 tokens or counters from 116 sites in Iran, Iraq, the Levant, and Turkey, it documents the immediate precursor of the cuneiform script.

Writing --- Tokens --- Ecriture --- Jetons --- History --- Histoire --- Middle East --- Moyen-Orient --- Antiquities. --- Antiquités --- Antiquities --- Tokens - Middle East --- Writing - History --- Middle East - Antiquities