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The beginnings of the state in Europe is a central topic of contemporary historical research. The making of such early modern Italian regional states as Florence, the kingdom of Naples, Milan, and Venice exemplifies a decisive turn in the state tradition of Western Europe. The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600 represents the best in American, British, and Italian scholarship and offers a valuable and critical overview of the key problems of the emergence of the state in Europe. Some of the topics covered include the political legitimacy of the aborning regional states, the changing legal culture, the conflict between church and state, the forces shaping public finances, and the creation of the Italian League. The eight essays in this collection originally appeared in the Journal of Modern History. Contributors include Roberto Bizzocchi, Giorgio Chittolini, Trevor Dean, Riccardo Fubini, Elena Fasano Guarini, Aldo Mazzacane, Anthony Molho, and Pierangelo Schiera. This volume will appeal to historians, historical sociologists, and historians of political thought.

History. --- HISTORY / General. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Italy --- History --- italy, italian history, european culture, historical research, florence, naples, milan, venice, western europe, emergent state, political legitimacy, politics, regional states, legal, legality, church, religion, public finances, sociology, 16th century, discipline, private, institutions, law, power, critical analysis, criticism.

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What did it mean to be reasonable in the Age of Reason? Classical probabilists from Jakob Bernouli through Pierre Simon Laplace intended their theory as an answer to this question--as "nothing more at bottom than good sense reduced to a calculus," in Laplace's words. In terms that can be easily grasped by nonmathematicians, Lorraine Daston demonstrates how this view profoundly shaped the internal development of probability theory and defined its applications.

Probabilities --- Science --- History --- Amicable Society. --- Aristotle. --- Barrow, Isaac. --- Binomial expansion. --- Boyle lectures. --- British Museum. --- Cartesianism. --- Clark, Samuel. --- Deparcieux, Antoine. --- Enlightenment. --- French Revolution. --- Gambling Act. --- Grotius, Hugo. --- Herodotus. --- Huygens, Christiaan. --- Huygens, Ludwig. --- Jesuits. --- Justinian. --- Lalande, Joseph-Jérôme. --- Occam’s razor. --- actuaries. --- argument from design. --- associationism. --- astronomy. --- calculation. --- combinatorics. --- consensus. --- contracts. --- decision making. --- distributions. --- expectation. --- fortune. --- gambling. --- geometry. --- idéologues. --- insurance. --- interest rates. --- latitudinarianism. --- legal reform. --- luxury. --- mathematical model. --- miracles. --- natural laws. --- natural theology. --- normal curve. --- parish records. --- physiocrats. --- political arithmetic. --- probabilism. --- providence. --- pure mathematics. --- rationalism.

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Rites and ceremonies --- Violence --- Head hunters --- Discourse analysis, Narrative --- Oral tradition --- Gender & Ethnic Studies --- Social Sciences --- Ethnic & Race Studies --- Social aspects --- Headhunters --- Bambang (Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia) --- Sulawesi Selatan (Indonesia) --- Social life and customs. --- Tradition, Oral --- Narrative discourse analysis --- Head-hunters --- Violent behavior --- Ceremonies --- Cult --- Cultus --- Ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies --- Religious ceremonies --- Religious rites --- Rites of passage --- Traditions --- S.U.L.S.E.L. --- SULSEL --- South Sulawesi (Indonesia) --- Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan (Indonesia) --- South Sulawesi Province (Indonesia) --- Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan (Indonesia) --- Oral communication --- Folklore --- Oral history --- Narration (Rhetoric) --- Persons --- Social psychology --- Ritualism --- Manners and customs --- Mysteries, Religious --- Ritual --- Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan (Indonesia) --- Daerah Tingkat I Sulawesi Selatan (Indonesia)

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Islands of dense forest in the savanna of 'forest' Guinea have long been regarded both by scientists and policy-makers as the last relics of a once more extensive forest cover, degraded and degrading fast due to its inhabitants' land use. In this 1996 text, James Fairhead and Melissa Leach question these entrenched assumptions. They show, on the contrary, how people have created forest islands around their villages, and how they have turned fallow vegetation more woody, so that population growth has implied more forest, not less. They also consider the origins, persistence, and consequences of a century of erroneous policy. Interweaving historical, social anthropological and ecological data, this fascinating study advances a novel theoretical framework for ecological anthropology, encouraging a radical re-examination of some central tenets in each of these disciplines.

Environmental policy --- Forest ecology --- Human ecology --- Landscape assessment --- Savanna ecology --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Forestry --- Forest Ecology --- Ecology of Tropical Forests. --- Ecologie forestière --- Ecologie des savanes --- Kissidougou (Guinea : Region) --- Kissidougou (Guinée : Région administrative) --- Kissidougou (Guinée : Région administrative) --- #SBIB:39A4 --- #SBIB:39A73 --- Savannas --- Ecology --- Assessment, Landscape --- Environmental perception --- Landscape evaluation --- Landscape perception --- Perception, Landscape --- Land use --- Landscape protection --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Forests and forestry --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Toegepaste antropologie --- Etnografie: Afrika --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Government policy --- Environmental conditions. --- Sociology of environment --- Human ecology. Social biology --- Guinea --- Environnement --- Ecologie forestière --- Ecologie humaine --- Paysages --- Politique gouvernementale --- Evaluation --- Environmental conditions --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Forest ecosystems --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology --- Human ecology - Guinea - Kissidougou (Region) --- Landscape assessment - Guinea - Kissidougou (Region) --- Forest ecology - Guinea - Kissidougou (Region) --- Savanna ecology - Guinea - Kissidougou (Region) --- Environmental policy - Guinea - Kissidougou (Region)

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Toward a Definition of Antisemitism offers new contributions by Gavin I. Langmuir to the history of antisemitism, together with some that have been published separately. The collection makes Langmuir's innovative work on the subject available to scholars in medieval and Jewish history and religious studies. The underlying question that unites the book is: what is antisemitism, where and when did it emerge, and why? After two chapters that highlight the failure of historians until recently to depict Jews and attitudes toward them fairly, the majority of the chapters are historical studies of crucial developments in the legal status of Jews and in beliefs about them during the Middle Ages. Two concluding chapters provide an overview. In the first, the author summarizes the historical developments, indicating concretely when and where antisemitism as he defines it emerged. In the second, Langmuir criticizes recent theories about prejudice and racism and develops his own general theory about the nature and dynamics of antisemitism.

Antisemitism. --- Christianity and antisemitism. --- Jews --- Blood accusation. --- Antisemitism --- Christianity and antisemitism --- Blood accusation --- Middle East --- Regions & Countries - Asia & the Middle East --- History & Archaeology --- Blood libel --- Murder, Ritual --- Ritual murder --- Blood --- Human sacrifice --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Antisemitism and Christianity --- Christianity and other religions --- Anti-Jewish attitudes --- Anti-Semitism --- Ethnic relations --- Prejudices --- Philosemitism --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Legal status, laws, etc --- Religious aspects --- Persecutions --- France --- Ethnic relations.