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Inner cities --- Community development, Urban --- Racism --- Economic aspects

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Theory suggests that spatial separation of racial and ethnic groups can have both positive and negative effects on the economic performance of minorities. Racial segregation may be damaging because it curtails informational connections with the larger community or because concentrations of poverty deter human capital accumulation and encourage crime. Alternatively racial segregation might ensure that minorities have middle-class role models and thus promote good outcomes. We examine the effects of segregation on African-American outcomes in schooling, employment and single parenthood and find that African-Americans in more segregated areas do significantly worse, particularly if they live in central cities. We control for the endogeneity of location choice using instruments based on political factors, topographical features of cities, and residence before adulthood. Some, but never more than 40% of this effect, stems from lack of role models and large commuting times.

Inner cities --- Segregation --- African Americans --- Econometric models. --- Economic aspects --- Economic conditions

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American fiction --- Naturalism in literature. --- Inner cities in literature. --- Narration (Rhetoric) --- Naturalism in literature --- Inner cities in literature --- American Literature --- English --- Languages & Literatures --- Narrative (Rhetoric) --- Narrative writing --- Rhetoric --- Discourse analysis, Narrative --- Narratees (Rhetoric) --- History and criticism. --- History and criticism --- History

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American fiction --- Inner cities in literature. --- Narration (Rhetoric) --- Naturalism in literature. --- History and criticism --- History --- Binnensteden in de literatuur --- Centres urbains dans lat littérature --- Inner cities in literature --- Narration (Rhétorique) --- Narrative writing --- Naturalism in literature --- Naturalisme dans la littérature --- Naturalisme in de literatuur --- Oates, Joyce Carol, 1938- . Them --- Verhaal (Retoriek) --- 20th century --- Wright, Richard --- Selby, Hubert --- Gold, Michael --- Algren, Nelson --- Rechy, John Francisco