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The aims of the study were to investigate the behavioural consequences of tethering and to investigate the behavioural changes after tethering in calves of two different age groups. Thirty-six Danish Black and White heifer calves were housed in individual pens from birth. Eighteen of the calves were tethered in individual stalls at 12 weeks of age, and 18 calves were tethered at 23 weeks of age. The calves assigned to late tethering were housed in groups of three in deep litter pens from 12 to 23 weeks of age. From 24 h video recordings, collected in the first, second, fourth and eighth weeks after tethering in all calves, and in the eighth weeks after grouping in calves assigned to late tethering, the behaviour of individual calves was recorded instantaneously at 5 min intervals. In addition, the number of lying periods was counted. At the same age (i.e. 8 weeks after tethering and grouping, respectively) tethered calves spent more time lying down (62% vs. 56%, P P P P P P < 0.001), but no change in the number of lying periods was found in calves tethered at 12 weeks of age (10, 11, 10 and 10 lying periods per 24 h in the first, second, fourth and eighth weeks after tethering). The results on resting behaviour suggest that calves tethered at a late age have more initial problems changing position in the tie-stall, and suffer a reduction in lying time for longer than calves tethered at an early age. No difference between age groups in response to tethering was found for feeding, ruminating, oral and grooming behaviour

Age. --- Behaviour. --- Behavioural consequences. --- Birth. --- Calves. --- Consequences. --- Feeding. --- Grooming. --- Group. --- Grouping. --- Lying down. --- Lying. --- Pen. --- Periods. --- Position. --- Reduction. --- Response. --- Time. --- Video.

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Enrichment of the captive environment is becoming more common, but little is known about the consequences of early enrichment on later development, Sixty pups from the breeding colony at Pfizer UK were assigned either to a control group or to one of two groups which received enrichment between the ages of 5 to 14 weeks: 1) a group receiving extra human socialization or 2) a group provided with chewable items suspended in the pen and a length of plastic pipe within the pen, The dogs' behavior was observed after two changes in hus bandry: at 15 weeks of age after being placed in same sex groups of five and after removal from these groups to pair-housing in a laboratory block, Rawhide was the most popular of the tested items, The litters with toys spent an average 64% of their time interacting with them, indicating that, given the choice, pups will make extensive use of such items, Enrichment did not have any measurable effect on the development of stereotypes, but 6 to II months after enrichment, dogs given increased human socialization were slightly more approachable than dogs from the other groups. Male dogs from this group spent 37% more time than did controls at the front of the pen, sitting and monitoring the room, a behavior that could be interpreted as an attempt to seek human contact, Early enrichment is easy to achieve and can improve the quality of life for pups

Age. --- Behavior. --- Breeding. --- Choice. --- Colonies. --- Consequences. --- Contact. --- Control. --- Development. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Group. --- Housing conditions. --- Human contact. --- Human. --- Laboratory. --- Life. --- Male. --- Pair housing. --- Pen. --- Pups. --- Quality. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Size. --- Socialization. --- Time. --- Toy. --- Toys.

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Entre 1500 et 1950, beaucoup d'Européens s'en sont allés peupler les nouveaux mondes. Après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, la décolonisation politique des anciens empires coloniaux causa un mouvement inverse et entraîna l'exode des populations d'origine européenne associées au pouvoir colonial. Le phénomène, important par son ampleur et ses effets indirects, par ses conséquences sur les pays d'accueil comme sur les territoires de départ, offre des caractères généraux mais présente aussi des spécificités nationales. Contrairement à l'immigration de fortes minorités d'étrangers enregistrée par tous les grands pays industriels européens, les mouvements massifs du rapatriement et de ses effets demeurent peu étudiés et mal connus. Des chercheurs européens dont les Etats furent concernés par ce phénomène migratoire, ont essayé de remédier à cette lacune. Chacun d'entre eux s'est efforcé de faire le point sur la question, en retenant les axes de recherche suivants : - composition démographique et socio-économique des communautés au moment où elles vont être affectées par les décolonisations politiques. - étude quantitative des flux, par pays et par catégories de population. Périodisation des flux migratoires. - législations respectives d'accueil, d'insertion et d'indemnisation des rapatriés. - les communautés réinstallées. Quelques aspects des effets perceptibles dans les pays d'accueil.

Repatriation --- Rapatriement --- Dekolonisation --- Descolonização --- Decolonization --- Décolonisation --- History --- Histoire --- Europe --- Emigration and immigration --- Emigration et immigration --- 20th century --- European federation --- DECOLONISATION --- EUROPE --- HISTOIRE UNIVERSELLE --- DEMOGRAPHIE --- EMIGRATION ET IMMIGRATION --- CONDITIONS SOCIALES --- CAUSES ET CONSEQUENCES --- HISTOIRE --- 20E SIECLE --- POPULATION --- VIE SOCIALE --- Émigration et immigration