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This volume seeks to critically review the contemporary state of maritime historiography, as it stands at the volume's publication date of 1995. The volume is comprised of thirteen essays, each focused on the recent research into the maritime concerns of a particular geographical location, listed as follows: Australia; Canada; China; Denmark; Germany; Greece; Ibero-America; India; the Netherlands; the Ottoman Empire; Spain; the United States; and a final chapter concerning historians and maritime labour in Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. One concern made evident by the collection is the lack of stable identity and cohesive aims within maritime history, the subject holds many conflicting definitions and concepts. The purpose of this volume is to explore the recent developments in maritime history, plus the growth of scholarly interest, to provide a 'beacon and stimulus for future work' and to clearly direct and define maritime historiography toward a solid position in the field of history.

Merchant marine --- Navigation --- History --- Historiography. --- Navigation, Primitive --- Locomotion --- Orientation --- Nautical astronomy --- Naval art and science --- Pilots and pilotage --- Mercantile marine --- Marine service --- Shipping

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Edwin Hutchins combines his background as an anthropologist and an open-ocean racing sailor and navigator in this account of how anthropological methods can be combined with cognitive theory to produce a new reading of cognitive science. His theoretical insights are grounded in an extended analysis of ship navigation - its computational basis, its historical roots, its social organization, and the details of its implementation in actual practice aboard large ships. The result is an unusual interdisciplinary approach to cognition in culturally constituted activities outside the laboratory - "in the wild." Hutchins examines a set of phenomena that have fallen between the established disciplines of psychology and anthropology, bringing to light a new set of relationships between culture and cognition. The standard view is that culture affects the cognition of individuals. Hutchins argues instead that cultural activity systems have cognitive properties of their own that differ from the cognitive properties of the individuals who participate in them. Each action for bringing a large naval vessel into port, for example, is informed by culture; thus the navigation team can be seen as a cognitive and computational system. Introducing life in the Navy and work on the bridge, Hutchins makes a clear distinction between the cognitive properties of an individual and the cognitive properties of a system. In striking contrast to the usual laboratory tasks of research in cognitive science, he adopts David Marr's paradigm and applies the principal metaphor of cognitive science - cognition as computation - to the navigation task. After comparing modern Western navigation with the method practiced in Micronesia, Hutchins explores the computational and cognitive properties of systems that involve multiple individuals. He then turns to an analysis of learning or change in the organization of cognitive systems at several scales. Hutchins's conclusion illustrates the costs of ignoring the cultural nature of cognition and points to ways in which contemporary cognitive science can be transformed by new meanings and interpretations.

Philosophy of science --- Philosophy and psychology of culture --- Distributed cognition --- Navigation --- Psychology, Naval --- Psychological aspects --- Distributed cognition. --- Psychology, Naval. --- Psychological aspects. --- Cognition --- Cognition and culture --- Cognition et culture --- Social aspects --- Case studies. --- Aspect social --- Cas, Etudes de --- Aspect psychologique --- Naval psychology --- Navigation, Primitive --- Locomotion --- Orientation --- Nautical astronomy --- Naval art and science --- Pilots and pilotage --- Psychology, Applied --- Psychology, Military --- Navigation - Psychological aspects --- Navigation. --- Cognition and culture. --- Cognition distribuée. --- Cognition et culture. --- Culture and cognition --- Culture --- Ethnophilosophy --- Ethnopsychology --- Socialization --- Psychology

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In this classic work George Hourani deals with the history of the sea trade of the Arabs in the Indian Ocean from its obscure origins many centuries before Christ to the time of its full extension to China and East Africa in the ninth and tenth centuries. The book comprises a brief but masterly historical account that has never been superseded. The author gives attention not only to geography, meteorology, and the details of travel, but also to the ships themselves, including a discussion of the origin of stitched planking and of the lateen fore-and-aft sails. Piracy in the Indian Ocean, day-to-day life at sea, the establishment of ancient lighthouses and the production of early maritime guides, handbooks, and port directories are all described in fascinating detail. Arab Seafaring will appeal to anyone interested in Arab life or the history of navigation. For this expanded edition, John Carswell has added a new introduction, a bibliography, and notes that add material from recent archaeological research.

Commerce --- Routes commerciales --- Navigation --- Histoire --- Histoire. --- Indien, Ocean --- Navigation, Primitive --- Locomotion --- Orientation --- Nautical astronomy --- Naval art and science --- Pilots and pilotage --- Trade --- Economics --- Business --- Transportation --- Traffic (Commerce) --- Merchants --- Aela. --- Arrian. --- Begram. --- Bombay. --- Calicut. --- Chaldaea. --- China. --- Coromandel. --- Damascus. --- Dilmun. --- Egypt. --- Euphrates River. --- Frankincense. --- Gujarat. --- Hellenistic. --- Hurmuz. --- India. --- Indonesia. --- Java. --- Kalah Bār. --- Koran. --- Kārūn River. --- Laccadive Islands. --- Lamu. --- Leuce Come. --- Madagascar. --- Malabar. --- Maldive Islands. --- Mozambique. --- Nerbudda River. --- Ocelis. --- Parthia. --- Persian Gulf. --- Pliny the Elder. --- Ptolemy Claudius. --- Red Sea. --- Sassanid. --- Seleucid. --- Strabo. --- Tigris River. --- Vasco da Gama.