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Environnement --- Évaluation --- Finances --- Infrastructures --- Mobilité --- Transport --- Ue

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Environnement --- Cout social --- Couts --- Infrastructures --- Tarification --- Transport --- Union européenne

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Infrastructure (Economics) --- Intelligent transportation systems. --- Traffic engineering --- Infrastructures de transport --- Communication route-véhicule --- Technique de la circulation

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Transport. Traffic --- Europe --- 656 EUR --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- 334.151.8 --- 385.1 --- 385.0 --- EG : vervoerpolitiek. --- Vervoer : economie, stelsel en beleid. --- Vervoerwezen, verkeerswegen en -middelen: algemeenheden. --- Transportation --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Transit, International --- Transport --- Infrastructures de transport --- Transports internationaux --- Statistics --- Planning --- Statistiques --- Planification --- EG : vervoerpolitiek --- Vervoer : economie, stelsel en beleid --- Vervoerwezen, verkeerswegen en -middelen: algemeenheden

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International comparison of economic aggregates, expressed in domestic currencies, requires their conversion into a common numeraire currency such as the U.S. dollar or the SDR. Since market (or official) exchange rates are subject to fluctuations which may result in comparisons that do not reflect cross-country differences in real economic activity, it is often recommended that purchasing power parity (PPP) rates be used for conversion instead of exchange rates. It is generally agreed that PPP rates are conceptually appropriate conversion factors. However, their practical implementation raises questions regarding the quality of the PPP indices which are currently available. This paper reviews the data and methodology underlying the construction of PPP indices, with particular emphasis on the PPP-based estimates of GDP used in the Fund’s World Economic Outlook and the World Bank’s World Development Report, and examines some of the issues associated with the use of such PPP-based estimates of GDP for the Fund’s operational purposes (such as quota calculations or determination of SAF or ESAF eligibility).

Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Index Numbers and Aggregation --- leading indicators --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Public finance & taxation --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Purchasing power parity --- Market exchange rates --- Exchange rates --- Purchasing power --- Expenditure --- National accounts --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Income --- United States --- Leading indicators