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Spain has the most serious and persistent unemployment problem in Europe, with an unemployment rate that reached 24.6 percent in early 1994. This paper explores the characteristics of this unemployment problem, its causes, and provides a brief discussion of recent labor market reform measures and their likely Impact. A demographic shift in recent years has produced a large rise in female labor force participation and a decrease in agricultural jobs to which the economy has been unable to adjust. The effects of generous unemployment benefits and the large underground economy may explain 6–12 percentage points of the resulting unemployment, but the remainder must be explained by failures and rigidities in the labor market. The paper presents econometric evidence that unemployment displays hysteresis, and that wages are not responsive to changes in the unemployment rate. This evidence supports the claim that insider-outsider factors and rigidities in the legal structure of the labor market are responsible for much of the high unemployment rate. Recent reforms have improved the functioning of the labor market, but they are unlikely to be sufficient to reduce unemployment to single digit rates without further action.

Labor --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor force --- Labor markets --- Unemployment rate --- Labor market --- Economic theory --- Spain --- Income economics

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This paper assesses the responsiveness of wages and labor force movements to employment shocks across British and U.S. regions and across Europe using a multivariate vector autoregression technique. The paper finds inflexible real wages in all three areas in that each area’s real wage responds very little to employment shocks. However, the response of the labor force to employment shocks is much greater in the United States compared to Europe. The strong labor force response in the United States prevents any persistence in relative regional unemployment rates whereas the lack of mobility in Europe results in persistent unemployment rate differentials across British regions and European nations. Europe must therefore adopt measures to reduce barriers to immobility if it is to succeed in moderating the persistence in relative unemployment rates.

Labor --- Geographic Labor Mobility --- Immigrant Workers --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Unemployment rate --- Labor force --- Real wages --- Economic theory --- Labor market --- United States --- Income economics

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This is an extensive study of labour in the social and economic life of Islamic communities around the Mediterranean in the medieval period, 9th-15th century.Based on a large number of primary and secondary sources, it contains a comprehensive dictionary of trades and occupations practised by both men and women, followed by a statistical and textual examination of the division of labour, the distribution of the labour force, occupational structures and the role of labour in the Islamic economy. It also describes ethnic divisions of labour, social status and image. A group of literary sources yields evidence that Muslim theologians, mystics and philosophers gradually formulated a doctrinal framework for labour.This book will prove a valuable resource for any student of medieval Islamic economic and labour history.

History of Asia --- Islam --- anno 700-799 --- anno 1200-1799 --- anno 600-699 --- anno 800-1199 --- Labor supply --- Sexual division of labor --- Occupations --- Women --- Marché du travail --- Division sexuelle du travail --- Professions --- Femmes --- Classification --- Employment --- Travail --- Islamic Empire --- Empire islamique --- Economic conditions. --- Conditions économiques --- -Occupations --- -Sexual division of labor --- -Women --- -Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Division of labor by sex --- Division of labor --- Sex role --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Career patterns --- Careers --- Jobs --- Trades --- Handicraft --- Vocational guidance --- Work --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor pool --- Work force --- Workforce --- Labor market --- Human capital --- Labor mobility --- Manpower --- Manpower policy --- -Islamic Empire --- -Arab countries --- Arab Empire --- Empire, Islamic --- Middle East --- Muslim Empire --- Economic conditions --- History --- Classification. --- -Classification --- -Economic conditions --- Marché du travail --- Conditions économiques --- Human females --- Arab countries --- Labor supply - Islamic Empire. --- Sexual division of labor - Islamic Empire. --- Occupations - Islamic Empire - Classification. --- Women - Employment - Islamic Empire.

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This paper examines the effects of demographic dynamics on the measured rates of economic growth. First, it develops a model of production with labor productivity that varies with age. Second, it uses macroeconomic and demographic data to estimate the relative productivity of different age groups. Third, it constructs a panel database of effective labor supply in order to reflect the changing age-structure of the population. Fourth, it decomposes the historical measured growth rates into effects of demographic dynamics and into “real” growth rates, net of demographic effects.

Aging --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Demography --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Income economics --- Industrial productivity --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Labor market --- Labor supply --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics: Production --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Population & demography --- Population aging --- Population and demographics --- Population --- Production and Operations Management --- Production --- Productivity --- Public expenditure review --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- United States

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In her incisive analysis of the shaping of California's agricultural work force, Devra Weber shows how the cultural background of Mexican and, later, Anglo-American workers, combined with the structure of capitalist cotton production and New Deal politics, forging a new form of labor relations. She pays particular attention to Mexican field workers and their organized struggles, including the famous strikes of 1933.Weber's perceptive examination of the relationships between economic structure, human agency, and the state, as well as her discussions of the crucial role of women in both Mexican and Anglo working-class life, make her book a valuable contribution to labor, agriculture, Chicano, Mexican, and California history.

Cotton farmers --- Foreign workers, Mexican --- Migrant agricultural laborers --- NON-CLASSIFIABLE. --- Agricultural migrants --- Migrant agricultural workers --- Migrant farm workers --- Migrants --- Agricultural laborers --- Migrant labor --- Alien labor, Mexican --- Mexican foreign workers --- Cotton growers --- Farmers, Cotton --- Growers, Cotton --- Farmers --- History --- California. --- History. --- California --- E-books --- 20th century american labor politics. --- 20th century american politics. --- agriculture. --- california. --- californian history. --- capitalism. --- chicano history. --- cotton production. --- cotton. --- cultural studies. --- economic structure. --- hispanic american demographic studies. --- human agency. --- labor force. --- labor relations. --- labor. --- latin american history. --- mexican field workers. --- mexican workers. --- migrant workers. --- migration. --- new deal politics. --- new deal relief policies. --- strikes. --- the strike of 1933. --- united states of america. --- worker strikes. --- working class.