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This paper provides a theoretical model to address the issue of how industrialization affects the structure of international trade. Considering both horizontal and vertical product differentiation, the model shows that intra-industry trade increases when product quality improvement emerges in a developing country and when a difference in relative factor endowments between a developed and a developing countries shrinks. To promote understanding of the conclusions of the model, the paper also uses actual trade data between Japan and Indonesia and between Japan and Korea.

Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Economic Development --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Agriculture: General --- Trade: General --- Industrialization --- Manufacturing and Service Industries --- Choice of Technology --- Manufacturing industries --- Investment & securities --- International economics --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Manufacturing --- Agricultural commodities --- Exports --- Imports --- Economic sectors --- Commodities --- Development --- International trade --- Farm produce --- Indonesia

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The “traditional structural approach” to the determination of real commodity prices has relied exclusively on demand factors as the fundamentals that explain the behavior of commodity prices. This framework, however, has been unable to explain the marked and sustained weakness in commodity prices during the 1980s and 1990s. This paper extends that framework in two important directions: First, it incorporates commodity supply in the analysis, capturing the impact on prices of the sharp increase in commodity exports of developing countries during the debt crisis of the 1980s. Second, we take a broader view of “world” demand that extends beyond the industrial countries and includes output developments in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (FSU). The empirical results support these extensions, as both the fit of the model improves substantially and, more importantly, its ability to forecast increases markedly.

Commercial products --- Commodities --- Commodity exchanges --- Commodity Markets --- Commodity markets --- Commodity prices --- Currency --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial markets --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Industrial production --- Industries --- Industries: General --- International Finance: Other --- Investment & securities --- Investments: Commodities --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Prices --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Production --- Real exchange rates --- United States

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This paper investigates the income distributional implications of different value-added tax (VAT) schemes in Bangladesh. The results indicate that a revenue-neutral uniform VAT is regressive in its impact on the income of different households. This paper explores an alternative policy package, consisting of a basic rate of VAT with exemptions for certain commodity groups, chosen on the basis of their distributional characteristics. The welfare consequences of the alternative package are found to be superior to those of the uniform VAT.

Investments: Commodities --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Agriculture: General --- Commodity Markets --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Excise taxes --- Value-added tax --- Expenditure --- Agricultural commodities --- Commodities --- Excises --- Taxes --- Consumption taxes --- Spendings tax --- Expenditures, Public --- Farm produce --- Commercial products --- Excise tax --- Bangladesh

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This paper describes economic developments in Ethiopia during 1990–94. In 1992/93, there was a significant recovery in the economy, which was reflected in virtually all sectors, with real GDP rebounding by an exceptional 12.3 percent. Although the improved security situation in the country and, subsequently, the emergence of a favorable economic and political climate set the stage for the recovery, a number of additional factors contributed to this outcome. In the agricultural sector, good weather conditions, coupled with increases in land under cultivation and greater fertilizer usage, led to a bumper crop.

Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Agriculture: General --- Trade: General --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Investment & securities --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Agricultural commodities --- Exports --- Currencies --- Public enterprises --- Commodities --- International trade --- Money --- Economic sectors --- Farm produce --- Government business enterprises --- Ethiopia, The Federal Democratic Republic of --- Nationalization

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This report analyzes economic developments in St. Vincent and the Grenadines in the first half of the 1990s. Real GDP increased at an average annual rate of 5 percent in 1988–93, reflecting sustained growth in most sectors except for agriculture and manufacturing, which showed some volatility. In 1993, economic growth slowed to 1.4 percent as a sharp decline in agricultural production and in manufacturing activity only partly offset growth in the construction and tourism sectors.

Banks and Banking --- Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Trade: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Agriculture: General --- Banking --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Investment & securities --- Finance --- Commercial banks --- Exports --- Credit --- Agricultural commodities --- Loans --- Financial institutions --- International trade --- Commodities --- Money --- Banks and banking --- Farm produce --- St. Vincent and the Grenadines