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This document is designed primarily for government officials responsible for managing the external debt of their countries, but it should also be helpful to those with a general interest in public sector financial management, observers as well as practitioners. The entire range of external debt management is discussed here: the organizational procedures for negotiating foreign loans and credits, the control and coordination of borrowing decisions, risk management, the administration of new loans, external debt accounting and statistics. Basic accounting principles are reviewed and the use of computers is explored. As background, the document reviews trends in financial flows from industrialized to developing countries, the legal aspects of debt management, and external debt restructuring. The document contrains a glossary of key terms and a bibliography or major books on debt management. Each chapter has references to articles, books and technical papers relevant to specific issues.

Debts, External --- Management. --- Management

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Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- Debts, External --- Economic assistance --- World Bank

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Debts, External --- Dettes extérieures --- Statistics --- Statistiques --- Developing countries --- Pays en développement --- Economic conditions --- Statistics --- Conditions économiques --- Statistiques

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This paper looks at the dynamics of (dis)equilibria during post-command transition. It tries to define an optimal mix between external and internal disequilibrium and to apply this concept to the analysis of the Romanian economy. The forced adjustment of the balance of payments in the 1980s is presented as a prologue to the scrutiny of transformation policy underway; results and dilemmas of macro-stabilization are dealt with in this respect. The paper ends by providing some insights into the problematique of understanding (dis)equilibria in transforming economies.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Stabilization --- Treasury Policy --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- Trade: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- External debt --- Consumption --- Exchange rates --- Exports --- Imports --- National accounts --- International trade --- Debts, External --- Economics --- Romania

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Debts, External --- Debt relief --- Economic development --- Dettes extérieures --- Dettes --- Développement économique --- Econometric models --- Allègement --- Modèles économétriques --- AA / International- internationaal --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- 338.340 --- 339.115 --- 331.30 --- 336.61 --- 338.341.1 --- 333.432.8 --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld. --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC. --- Economische toestand. --- Financieel beleid. --- Financiële hulp aan de Derde Wereld. --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten. --- Buitenlandse schulden --- Debts [External ] --- External debts --- Schulden [Buitenlandse ] --- Dettes extérieures --- Développement économique --- Allègement --- Modèles économétriques --- Econometric models. --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC --- Economische toestand --- Financieel beleid --- Financiële hulp aan de Derde Wereld --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten