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BLOOD PLATELETS --- Platelet adhesiveness --- Platelet aggregation --- RECEPTORS --- Blood platelets --- physiology --- ENDOGENOUS SUBSTANCES --- Platelet adhesiveness. --- Platelet aggregation. --- Blood platelets. --- physiology. --- ENDOGENOUS SUBSTANCES. --- Receptors --- Physiology. --- Endogenous substances. --- Activation --- Aggregation --- Plaquettes sanguines --- Adhesion (physical) --- Membranes --- PLATELET ADHESIVENESS --- PHYSIOLOGY
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Antigens, CD --- Cell Adhesion --- Cell Adhesion Molecules --- Cell Movement --- Neutrophils --- Cell Aggregation --- Endothelium, Vascular --- immunology --- drug effects --- physiology
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Relative GDP shares are frequently used as weights in aggregations. In order to ensure that these weights reflect countries’ shares in real output, GDP data in national currencies should be converted into a common numeraire currency at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates. A review of the empirical evidence on the relationship between exchange rates and prices suggests that market (or official) exchange rates are generally poor proxies for PPP rates. The paper examines the PPP-based GDP data generated by the International Comparison Program and compares aggregations with PPP- and exchange rate-based GDP weights.
Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Index Numbers and Aggregation --- leading indicators --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary economics --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Purchasing power parity --- Exchange rates --- Market exchange rates --- Currencies --- Expenditure --- Money --- Public-private sector cooperation --- United States --- Leading indicators
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Some recent studies suggest the possibility of estimating a stable aggregate demand-for-money relationship for the group of countries participating in the European Monetary System. These results are of particular relevance in connection with the task of setting policy targets for a European Central Bank. This paper uses a theoretical error-invariables framework to identify what is gained and what may be lost through cross-border aggregation of money demand. It provides an analytical basis for such studies, paying particular attention to currency substitution and international portfolio diversification.
Currencies --- Demand for Money --- Demand for money --- Dollarization --- Environmental Accounts --- Financial Aspects of Economic Integration --- Government and the Monetary System --- Income --- Index Numbers and Aggregation --- Leading indicators --- Macroeconomics --- Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth --- Monetary economics --- Monetary policy --- Monetary Systems --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Money --- National accounts --- National income --- Payment Systems --- Personal income --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Regimes --- Standards --- Germany
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