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Christianity and other religions --- Meditation --- Mysticism --- Spirituality --- Catholic Church --- Johnston, William, --- Societas Jesu

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In the mid-1600s, Manchu bannermen spearheaded the military force that conquered China and founded the Qing Empire, which endured until 1912. By the end of the Taiping War in 1864, however, the descendants of these conquering people were coming to terms with a loss of legal definition, an ever-steeper decline in living standards, and a sense of abandonment by the Qing court. Focusing on three generations of a Manchu family (from 1750 to the 1930s), Orphan Warriors is the first attempt to understand the social and cultural life of the bannermen within the context of the decay of the Qing regime. The book reveals that the Manchus were not "sinicized," but that they were growing in consciousness of their separate ethnicity in response to changes in their own position and in Chinese attitudes toward them. Pamela Kyle Crossley's treatment of the Suwan Guwalgiya family of Hangzhou is hinged upon Jinliang (1878-1962), who was viewed at various times as a progressive reformer, a promising scholar, a bureaucratic hack, a traitor, and a relic. The author sees reflected in the ambiguities of his persona much of the plight of other Manchus as they were transformed from a conquering caste to an ethnic minority. Throughout Crossley explores the relationships between cultural decline and cultural survival, polity and identity, ethnicity and the disintegration of empires, all of which frame much of our understanding of the origins of the modern world.

Manchus --- China --- Social life and customs. --- History, 1644-1912. --- History --- Geschichte. --- Militär --- Waisenkind --- Mandschu --- Mandschu (Volk) --- China. --- Albazinians. --- Anhui. --- Annam. --- Babojab. --- Bogue. --- Britain. --- Buddhism. --- Canton (Guangzhou). --- Changxi. --- Chen Tianhua. --- Dai Xi. --- Dong Fuxiang. --- Eight Trigrams Rebellion. --- Enming. --- Fujian. --- Gelao hui. --- Gong Zizhen. --- Guan Tianpei. --- Guanyin. --- Guizhou. --- Hangzhou. --- Heilongjiang (province). --- Hualianbu. --- Hulun federation. --- Jiangxi. --- Jingshan diary. --- Johnston, Reginald. --- Kang Youwei. --- Korea and Koreans. --- Kuoputongwu. --- Li Hongzhang. --- Liang Qichao. --- Manchukuo. --- Manwen xuexiao. --- Ming dynasty. --- Mongolian banners. --- Nanjing. --- New Army. --- adoption. --- banishment. --- black markets. --- children. --- clans. --- corruption. --- divination. --- education. --- examinations. --- foreign aid and advisors. --- fuxiaoqi canling. --- genealogy. --- hanjian. --- homelessness. --- identity. --- imperial archives. --- indemnities. --- irregulars. --- magistracy. --- mercenaries. --- opium addiction. --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- Mandschuren --- Manchu --- Tungusen --- Alleinstehendes Kind --- Allein stehendes Kind --- Waise --- Elternloses Kind --- Kind --- Heimkind --- Heerwesen --- Kriegswesen --- Streitkräfte --- Wehrwesen --- Armee --- Rüstung --- Militärwesen