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General ecology and biosociology --- Biological diversity conservation --- 574.472 --- Biodiversity --- Conservation of biodiversity --- Diversity conservation, Biological --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Maintenance of biological diversity --- Preservation of biological diversity --- Conservation of natural resources --- Ecosystem management --- Conservation --- Biodiversity conservation. --- CON Bioconservation --- biography --- global biodiversity strategies --- nature conservation --- 574.472 Biodiversity --- Biodiversity conservation

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This paper notes that market failure, policy failures, and population pressures are major sources of environmental degradation and that linkages between economic activities and the environment exist at the levels of macroeconomic objectives, macroeconomic policy instruments, implementation of environmental policies, and measurement of economic activity. This paper also points out that fiscal instruments can, and indeed do, play a significant role in resolving environmental problems. In addition, market-based solutions, including pollution permits, also have merit. This paper further points out that implementing environmental policies poses considerable challenges for public policymakers and concludes by suggesting areas for further research.

Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Biodiversity Conservation --- Bioeconomics --- Conservation of the environment --- Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services --- Environment --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental economics --- Environmental Economics: General --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Environmental impact charges --- Environmental management --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Environmental Policy --- Environmental policy --- Environmental protection --- Environmental sciences --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Environmental taxes --- Industrial Ecology --- Natural Resources --- Natural resources --- Public finance & taxation --- Redistributive Effects --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Taxation --- Taxes --- United States