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Meat quality --- Swine --- Exports --- Pork --- France

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Asparagus spears --- Asparagus spears --- Marketing --- Marketing --- Imports --- Imports --- Exports --- Exports --- extension activities --- extension activities --- Asperge verte --- Spain --- Spain --- Asperge verte

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We develop a formula for the market value of debt when the borrower’s repayment capacity varies stochastically, and shortfalls are rolled over. The value of a marginal dollar of nominal claim is an S-shaped function of the ratio of the repayment capacity to the amount of nominal debt. Shifts of this curve are examined in response to changes in the underlying parameters. The calculations bring out some conflicts of interest among lenders of differing degrees of seniority. Most surprisingly, junior creditors gain when the loan is rescheduled on terms more favorable to the debtor.

Arrears --- Debt service --- Debts, External --- Exports and Imports --- International economics --- International Lending and Debt Problems

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Demography --- Exports --- Imports --- World markets --- Flours --- Tobacco --- Rice --- Meat --- fuels --- chemi cals --- transport --- Plastics --- raw materials

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This paper reviews the main features of market-oriented foreign trade reforms in planned economies. It considers reform initiatives aimed at expanding enterprise autonomy and breaking up the state monopoly of foreign trade, modifying the exchange rate system, and reforming the domestic price structure and ultimately the price system. The study emphasizes that the success of foreign trade reform, and therefore of a trade policy aimed at fundamental integration of planned economies into the world economic system, ultimately depends as well on the successful implementation of compatible reforms in the domestic economy as a whole.

Currency --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Exchange rates --- Export subsidies --- Exports and Imports --- Exports --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- International Trade Organizations --- International trade --- Trade Policy --- Trade: General --- Russian Federation