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Underdraining has been recognized as one of the major capital-intensive agricultural improvements of the nineteenth century. Over half the agricultural area of England is subject to waterlogging and is in need of some form of underdraining, rendering the improvement both technically and economically basic to much of English agriculture. By removing excess soil water, the object of underdraining was to reproduce as far as possible the conditions of free-draining land, which was workable all year round, and to create an optimum soil-moisture content for both plant growth and cultivation. Despite the necessity for the improvement, a wide-ranging debate exists in the literature on the extent, effectiveness and agricultural importance of underdraining in the nineteenth century. The present study attempts to resolve this debate. By examining the evidence of draining loans under the Public Money Draining Acts and of the various land improvement companies and the accounts of estates in Devon, Northamptonshire and Northumberland, a precise record has been provided for the, first of the spread of underdraining in England in the nineteenth century, of the factors involved in its adoption and of its impact on agricultural practice in that period.

Drainage --- Agriculture --- Farms --- Farmsteads --- Land use, Rural --- Real property --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land drainage --- Agricultural engineering --- Hydraulic engineering --- Reclamation of land --- Sanitary engineering --- Sewerage --- Economic aspects --- History --- Earth Sciences --- Geography

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Organic compounds --- Sewage --- Sewage sludge --- Soil pollution --- Environmental aspects --- Congresses. --- Polluant industriel --- Industrial pollutants --- Eau usée --- Wastewater --- Boue résiduaire --- Soil --- Sédiment --- Sediment --- Identification --- identification --- Cours d'eau --- Rivers --- Composé organique --- organic compounds --- Pollution du sol --- Pollution de l'eau --- Water pollution --- 628.312 --- 628.336 --- -Sewage --- -Sewage sludge --- -Soil pollution --- -Contamination of soil --- Soil contamination --- Pollution --- Soils --- Soil remediation --- Soil salinization --- Biosolids --- Sludge, Sewage --- Sewage disposal --- Domestic effluent --- Domestic sewage --- Domestic wastewater --- Effluent (Sewage) --- Industrial effluent --- Industrial wastewater --- Sewage effluent --- Waste water --- Waste waters --- Wastewaters --- Sewerage --- Compounds, Organic --- Organic chemicals --- Carbon compounds --- Composition and properties of sewage. Constituents --- Sludge. Handling and disposal of sludge --- -Congresses --- Congresses --- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences. Engineering --- Waste treatment --- Waste Water Treatment --- -Composition and properties of sewage. Constituents --- Waste Water Treatment. --- 628.336 Sludge. Handling and disposal of sludge --- 628.312 Composition and properties of sewage. Constituents --- -628.336 Sludge. Handling and disposal of sludge --- Contamination of soil --- Environmental aspects&delete& --- Sediment. --- identification. --- Organic compounds - Environmental aspects - Congresses. --- Sewage - Congresses. --- Sewage sludge - Congresses. --- Soil pollution - Congresses. --- Polluant organique