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This paper presents a review of the principal issues emerging from an IMF Conference held in March 1983. The special drawing right has been conceived in the 1960s and has been formally provided in the first amendment to the Articles of Agreement of the IMF, which took effect in 1969. Upon the abandonment of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates and the coming of freedom for the IMF members to adopt the exchange arrangements of their choice, a lack of discipline has been felt in the international monetary system.

Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Financial Risk Management --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Investment & securities --- Finance --- Debt service --- Current account deficits --- Public sector wages --- Public employment --- External debt --- Balance of payments --- Oil --- Commodities --- Banks and banking --- Economic theory --- Foreign exchange --- United States --- Income economics

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International finance --- United Kingdom --- Balance of payments --- Statistical services --- -GB / United Kingdom - Verenigd Koninkrijk - Royaume Uni --- 382.21 --- 307.34 --- Current account balance (International trade) --- International payments, Balance of --- Foreign exchange --- Terms of trade --- Balance of trade --- International liquidity --- Methode voor het opstellen van de betalingsbalans. --- Statistieken van de betalingsbalans. --- Statistical services. --- Balance des paiements. --- GB / United Kingdom - Verenigd Koninkrijk - Royaume Uni --- Statistieken van de betalingsbalans --- Methode voor het opstellen van de betalingsbalans --- Balance des paiements --- Balance of payments - Great Britain - Statistical services

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This paper highlights the sources of payments problems in less developed countries. Growth in the industrial countries has a direct impact on the current account of the developing countries through its influence on both the prices and volumes of their exports. An increase in the real effective exchange rate is clearly a fundamental determinant of a deteriorating current account since, other things being equal, it tends to raise domestic demand for imports and to reduce foreign demand for exports.

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This paper provides a description and analysis of recent developments in international capital (banking and bond) markets and an assessment of market conditions and prospects for financing flows, in particular.

Capital Market --- Business & Economics --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Investments: Bonds --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Trade: General --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Investment & securities --- Finance --- Financial services law & regulation --- International economics --- Bank credit --- Foreign banks --- Bonds --- International banking --- Financial institutions --- Money --- International bonds --- International capital markets --- Financial markets --- Banks and banking --- Credit --- Banks and banking, Foreign --- International finance --- Capital market --- Balance of payments --- United States

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Precious metals --- Balance of payments --- Commerce --- History --- Netherlands --- -Balance of payments --- -Commerce --- -Precious metals --- -Bullion --- Noble metals --- Metals --- Mines and mineral resources --- Trade --- Economics --- Business --- Transportation --- Current account balance (International trade) --- International payments, Balance of --- Foreign exchange --- Terms of trade --- Balance of trade --- International liquidity --- -History. --- History. --- -History --- The Netherlands --- Pays-Bas --- Países Baixos --- Holland --- Spanish Netherlands --- Pays-Bas espagnols --- Austrian Netherlands --- Pays-Bas autrichiens --- Oostenrijkse Nederlanden --- Southern Netherlands --- Pays-Bas méridionaux --- Zuidelijke Nederlanden --- Niderlandy --- Belanda --- Nederland --- Koninkrijk der Nederlanden --- Reino dos Países Baixos --- Royaume des Pays-Bas --- Kingdom of the Netherlands --- Países Bajos --- Holanda --- Nederlân --- Hulanda --- Beulanda --- Niderland --- Niderlande --- هولندا --- مملكة هولندا --- Mamlakat Hūlandā --- Olanda --- Payis-Bâs --- Países Baxos --- Aynacha Jach'a Markanaka --- Nirlan --- Niderland Krallığı --- Kē-tē-kok --- Landa --- Kerajaan Landa --- Нидерландтар --- Niderlandtar --- Нидерландтар Короллеге --- Niderlandtar Korollege --- Нідэрланды --- Каралеўства Нідэрланды --- Karaleŭstva Nidėrlandy --- Nederlands --- Niadaland --- Holandija --- Kraljevina Holandija --- Izelvroioù --- Нидерландия --- Niderlandii︠a︡ --- Кралство Нидерландия --- Kralstvo Niderlandii︠a︡ --- Països Baixos --- Нидерландсем --- Niderlandsem --- Нидерландсен Патшалăхĕ --- Niderlandsen Patshalăkhĕ --- Nizozemsko --- Paesi Bassi --- Regnu di i Paesi Bassi --- Iseldiroedd --- Nederlandene --- Niederlande --- Kéyah Wóyahgo Siʼánígíí --- Nižozemska --- Kralojstwo Nederlandow --- Madalmaad --- Ολλανδία --- Ollandia --- Hollandia --- Κάτω Χώρες --- Katō Chōres --- Βασίλειο των Κάτω Χωρών --- Vasileio tōn Katō Chōrōn --- Nederlando --- Reĝlando Nederlando --- Paisis Bajus --- Herbehereak --- Herbehereetako Erresumaren --- هلند --- Huland --- Niðurlond --- Háland --- Paîs Bas --- Neerlande --- Ísiltír --- Ríocht na hÍsiltíre --- Çheer Injil --- Çheer y Vagheragh --- Reeriaght ny Çheer Injil --- Tìrean Ìsle --- Hò-làn --- Недерлендин Нутг --- Nederlendin Nutg --- 네덜란드 --- Nedŏllandŭ --- Hōlani --- Nederlandia --- Pais Basse --- Regno del Paises Basse --- Нидерландтæ --- Niderlandtæ --- Нидерландты Къаролад --- Niderlandty Kʺarolad --- Konungsríkið Holland --- הולנד --- Holand --- ממלכת ארצות השפלה --- Mamlekhet Artsot ha-Shefelah --- Walanda --- Hollandi --- Нидерландла --- Niderlandla --- Нидерландланы Королевствосу --- Niderlandlany Korolevstvosu --- Néderlandzkô --- Нидерланд --- Iseldiryow --- Ubuholandi --- Ubuhorandi --- Nederilande --- Нидерланддар --- Niderlanddar --- Uholanzi --- Ufalme wa Nchi za Chini --- Нидерландъяс --- Niderlandʺi︠a︡s --- Нидерландъяс Корольув --- Niderlandʺi︠a︡s Korolʹuv --- Peyiba --- Holenda --- Keyatiya Nederlandan --- Payises Bashos --- פאייסיס באשוס --- Nīderlandeja --- Batavia --- Regni Nederlandiarum --- Nīderlandes Karaliste --- Nyderlandai --- Nyderlandų Karalystė --- Paixi Basci --- Paes Bass --- Ulanda --- Holland Királyság --- Keninkryk fan 'e Nederlannen --- Reino di Hulanda --- Холандија --- Кралство Холандија --- Kralstvo Holandija --- Pajjiżi l-Baxxi --- Hōrana --- Недерлатт --- Nederlatt --- Оцязорксши Недерлатт --- Ot︠s︡i︠a︡zorksshi Nederlatt --- Нидерландын Вант Улс --- Niderlandyn Vant Uls --- Tlanitlālpan --- Huēyitlahtohcāyōtl in Tlanitlālpan --- Eben Eyong --- Nederlaand --- オランダ --- Oranda --- オランダ王国 --- Oranda Ōkoku --- Ulanna --- Nethiland --- Nederlande --- Holandska --- Bullion --- Holland (Kingdom) --- Batavian Republic --- United Provinces of the Netherlands --- Precious metals - History --- Balance of payments - History --- Commerce - History --- Precious metals - Netherlands - History --- Netherlands - Commerce - History