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Emphasizing the interaction between political organizations and social forces, Ervand Abrahamian discusses Iranian society and politics during the period between the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909 and the Islamic Revolution of 1977-1979. Presented here is a study of the emergence of horizontal divisions, or socio-economic classes, in a country with strong vertical divisions based on ethnicity, religious ideology, and regional particularism. Professor Abrahamian focuses on the class and ethnic roots of the major radical movements in the modem era, particularly the constitutional movement of the 1900s, the communist Tudeh party of the 1940s, the nationalist struggle of the early 1950s, and the Islamic upsurgence of the 1970s.In this examination of the social bases of Iranian politics, Professor Abrahamian draws on archives of the British Foreign Office and India Office that have only recently been opened; newspaper, memoirs, and biographies published in Tehran between 1906 and 1980; proceedings of the Iranian Majles and Senate; interviews with retired and active politicians; and pamphlets, books, and periodicals distributed by exiled groups in Europe and North America in the period between 1953 and 1980.Professor Abrahamian explores the impact of socio-economic change on the political structure, especially under the reigns of Reza Shah and Muhammad Reza Shah, and throws fresh light on the significance of the Tudeh party and the failure of the Shah's regime from 1953 to 1978.

Iran --- Politics and government --- Social conditions. --- Politique et gouvernement --- Conditions sociales --- Internal politics --- anno 1900-1999 --- Social conditions --- History --- Sociology --- Descriptive sociology --- Social history --- Abadan. --- Adamiyat, Fereydoun. --- Algeria. --- Azerbaijan. --- Bahrami, Muhammad. --- Bakhtiyaris. --- Baluchis. --- Basseris. --- Communist party (1947). --- Cottam, Richard. --- Daneshyan, Ghulam. --- Dashnak party. --- Dawlatabadi, Yahya. --- Farah Diba, Empress. --- Farangestan. --- Fatherland party. --- Fayzieh. --- Georgians. --- Griboyedov. --- Hajji Ibrahim. --- Haydaris. --- Imam Hussein. --- Iskandari, Sulayman. --- Jahanshalou, Nosratallah. --- Jangali party. --- Kani, Hojjat al-Islam. --- Kayhan. --- Kermanshah. --- Mahazari, Ibrahim. --- Mamasanis. --- Nakhshab, Muhammad. --- National caucus. --- Ovanessian, Ardasher. --- Pan-Iranist party. --- Peace Partisans. --- Qajar tribe. --- Qum. --- Resurgence party. --- Reza’i, Ahmad. --- bazaars. --- cabinets. --- capitulations. --- classes. --- educational facilities. --- electoral laws. --- fascism. --- gharbzadegi. --- income distribution. --- industrialization. --- land reform. --- missionaries. --- oil nationalization. --- República Islâmica do Irã --- Irã --- Persia --- Northern Tier --- Islamic Republic of Iran --- Jumhūrī-i Islāmī-i Īrān --- I-lang --- Paras-Iran --- Paras --- Persia-Iran --- I.R.A. --- Islamische Republik Iran --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Iran --- I.R.I. --- IRI --- ايران --- جمهورى اسلامى ايران --- Êran --- Komarî Îslamî Êran --- Ir --- Islamskai͡a Respublika Iran --- República Islâmica do Ir

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This book explores the influence of literacy on eleventh and twelfth-century life and though on social organization, on the criticism of ritual and symbol, on the rise of empirical attitudes, on the relationship between language and reality, and on the broad interaction between ideas and society.Medieval and early modern literacy, Brian Stock argues, did not simply supersede oral discourse but created a new type of interdependence between the oral and the written. If, on the surface, medieval culture was largely oral, texts nonetheless emerged as a reference system both for everyday activities and for giving shape to larger vehicles of interpretation. Even when texts were not actually present, people often acted and behaved as if they were.The book uses methods derived from anthropology, from literary theory, and from historical research, and is divided into five chapters. The first treats the growth and shape of medieval literacy itself. Theo other four look afresh at some of the period's major issues--heresy, reform, the Eucharistic controversy, the thought of Anselm, Abelard, and St. Bernard, together with the interpretation of contemporary experience--in the light of literacy's development. The study concludes that written language was the chief integrating instrument for diverse cultural achievements.

Written communication --- Learning and scholarship --- History. --- History --- Berengar of Tours. --- Boethius. --- Byzantium. --- Canonica, Patarene church. --- Catharism. --- Christ, Jesus. --- Clement of Rome. --- Constance. --- Corpus Agrimensorum. --- Damian, Peter. --- Donation of Constantine. --- Ecclesiastes. --- Edict of Milan. --- Eudes of Chartres. --- Eusebius. --- Galbert of Bruges. --- Gerard of Csanád. --- Henry I of England. --- Heribald of Auxerre. --- Hugh of Langres. --- Jerusalem. --- John of Salisbury. --- Lactantius. --- Landulf Senior. --- abstract versus concrete. --- abstraction. --- acculturation. --- allegory. --- antisemitism. --- asceticism. --- authentication. --- baptism. --- behaviour, symbolic. --- ceremony. --- commune. --- confession. --- covering, allegorical. --- custom. --- decision-making. --- ecclesia primitiva. --- empiricism. --- explanatio. --- fascinati. --- formalism. --- grammaticus. --- illiteracy. --- immram. --- incantation. --- irrationality. --- jongleurs. --- justification.