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Ecologists are making increasing use of computer methods in analyzing ecological data on plant and animal communities. Ecological problems naturally involve numerous variables and numerous individuals or samples. Multivariate techniques permit the summary of large, complex sets of data and provide the means to tackle many problems that cannot be investigated experimentally because of practical restraints. Ecologists are thus enabled to group similar species and similar sample sites together, and to generate hypotheses about environmental and historical factors that affect the communities. This timely book presents a full critical description of three methodologies - direct gradient analysis, ordination, and classification - from both theoretical and practical viewpoints. Both traditional and new methods are presented. Using a wide range of illustrative examples, Hugh Gauch provides an up-to-date synthesis of this field, which will be of interest to advanced students and ecologists. These mathematical tools are also used in a wide variety of other areas, from natural resource management and agronomy to the social and political sciences.
Biotic communities --- Ecology --- Multivariate analysis. --- Mathematics.
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One of the central questions of ecology is why there are so many different kinds of plants and animals. Here David Tilman presents a theory of how organisms compete for resources and the way their competition promotes diversity. Developing Hutchinson's suggestion that the main cause of diversity is the feeding relations of species, this book builds a mechanistic, resource-based explanation of the structure and functioning of ecological communities. In a detailed analysis of the Park Grass Experiments at the Rothamsted Experimental Station in England, the author demonstrates that the dramatic results of these 120 years of experimentation are consistent with his theory, as are observations in many other natural communities. The consumer-resource approach of this book is applicable to both animal and plant communities, but the majority of Professor Tilman's discussion concentrates on the structure of plant communities. All theoretical arguments are developed graphically, and formal mathematics is kept to a minimum. The final chapters of the book provide some testable speculations about resources and animal communities and explore such problems as the evolution of "super species," the differences between plant and animal community diversity patterns, and the cause of plant succession.
General ecology and biosociology --- Biotic communities --- Competition (Biology) --- Ecosystèmes --- Compétition (Biologie) --- Ecosystèmes --- Compétition (Biologie)
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General ecology and biosociology --- Nutritionary hygiene. Diet --- Food chains (Ecology) --- Biotic communities --- Ecosystèmes --- Ecosystèmes
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Biomathematics. Biometry. Biostatistics --- General ecology and biosociology --- 581.55 --- Plant communities --- Plant ecology --- Plant species --- #WPLT:dd.Prof.F.Symons --- Plant speciation --- Plants --- Species --- Botany --- Ecology --- Communities, Plant --- Phytosociology --- Plant associations --- Plant societies --- Biotic communities --- Sociability. Plant associations and associes --- Speciation --- Classification --- 581.55 Sociability. Plant associations and associes --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Floristic ecology
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Plant ecology. Plant sociology --- Plant communities --- Watt, A S --- 581.555 --- Communities, Plant --- Phytosociology --- Plant associations --- Plant societies --- Biotic communities --- Plant ecology --- Climax and seral communities --- Watt, A. S. --- pattern and process --- plant communities --- symposium proceedings --- 581.555 Climax and seral communities --- Watt, Alexander Stuart --- Plant communities - Congresses --- Watt, A S - (Alexander Stuart)
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Moor flora --- -Moor flora --- -Plant communities --- -Phytogeography --- -Moor plants --- Wetland plants --- Botanical geography --- Botany --- Geobotany --- Geographical distribution of plants --- Plant distribution --- Plant geography --- Plant species --- Plants --- Biogeography --- Disjunct plants --- Communities, Plant --- Phytosociology --- Plant associations --- Plant societies --- Biotic communities --- Plant ecology --- Maps --- Geographical distribution --- Moor plants --- Phytogeography --- Plant communities --- Maps. --- Europe --- bogs --- bryophytes --- ecology --- hydrology --- maps --- mire types --- monographs --- phytosociology --- tables --- wetlands --- -Maps
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AMS South America --- Central America --- South America --- biodiversity --- biogeography --- symposium proceedings --- variation --- ZV Biogeography --- Biogeography --- Isolating mechanisms --- Species --- Variation (Biology) --- Biological variation --- Biology --- Heredity --- Genetics --- Mutation (Biology) --- Speciation (Biology) --- Hybridization --- Organisms --- Isolation, Biotic --- Isolation mechanisms --- Reproductive isolation mechanisms --- Evolution (Biology) --- Reproduction --- Areography (Biology) --- Geographical distribution of animals and plants --- Species distribution --- Geography --- Congresses --- Geographical distribution
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AMC Central America --- Central America --- Mexico --- Pinaceae --- Pinus Cembroides --- ecology --- forests --- phytogeography --- Forest ecology --- Phytogeography --- Pinus cembroides --- Plant communities --- Communities, Plant --- Phytosociology --- Plant associations --- Plant societies --- Biotic communities --- Plant ecology --- Mexican nut pine --- Mexican pinyon pine --- Mexican stone pine --- Nut pine, Mexican --- Stone pine, Mexican --- Stoneseed pine --- Three-leaved pine --- Pine --- Pinyon pines --- Botanical geography --- Botany --- Geobotany --- Geographical distribution of plants --- Plant distribution --- Plant geography --- Plant species --- Plants --- Biogeography --- Disjunct plants --- Forest ecosystems --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Geographical distribution
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This report examines the key design and implementation features that need to be considered to ensure that biodiversity offset programmes are environmentally effective, economically efficient, and distributionally equitable. Biodiversity offsets are being increasingly used in a wide range of sectors as a mechanism to help compensate for the adverse effects caused by development projects in a variety of ecosystems. In this report, insights and lessons learned are drawn from more than 40 case studies from around the world, with an additional 3 in-depth country case studies from the United States, Germany and Mexico.
Environmental impact analysis. --- Sustainable development. --- Biodiversity --- Biodiversity conservation --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental monitoring --- Environmental protection --- Analysis of environmental impact --- Environmental assessment --- Environmental impact assessment --- Environmental impact evaluation --- Impact analysis, Environmental --- Economic development --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable development --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic aspects. --- Environmental aspects --- Économie politique --- Énergie --- Recherche
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Forests and forestry --- Forest ecology --- Plant communities --- Forest site quality --- Forêts et sylviculture --- Ecologie forestière --- Associations végétales --- 581.526.42 --- 581.55 --- 630*22 --- 630*187 --- Communities, Plant --- Phytosociology --- Plant associations --- Plant societies --- Biotic communities --- Plant ecology --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Classification, Forest site --- Forest site classification --- Quality of forest sites --- Site classification (Forestry) --- Site evaluation (Forestry) --- Site quality (Forestry) --- Forest productivity --- Forest soils --- Ecology --- Forest formations --- Sociability. Plant associations and associes --- Silvicultural systems --- Vegetation types --- Growth --- duplicates available --- forestry --- 630*187 Vegetation types --- 630*22 Silvicultural systems --- 581.55 Sociability. Plant associations and associes --- 581.526.42 Forest formations --- Forêts et sylviculture --- Ecologie forestière --- Associations végétales --- Forest ecology. --- Forest ecosystems
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