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Newton, Isaac

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This volume presents Professor Cohen's original interpretation of the revolution that marked the beginnings of modern science and set Newtonian science as the model for the highest level of achievement in other branches of science. It shows that Newton developed a special kind of relation between abstract mathematical constructs and the physical systems that we observe in the world around us by means of experiment and critical observation. The heart of the radical Newtonian style is the construction on the mind of a mathematical system that has some features in common with the physical world; this system s then modified when the deductions and conclusions drawn from it are tested against the physical universe. Using this system Newton was able to make his revolutionary innovations in celestial mechanics and, ultimately, create a new physics of central forces and the law of universal gravitation. Building on his analysis of Newton's methodology, Professor Cohen explores the fine structure of revolutionary change and scientific creativity in general. This is done by developing the concept of scientific change as a series of transformations of ecxisting ideas. It is shown that such transformation is characteristic of many aspects of the sciences and that the concept of scientific change by transformation suggests a new way of examining the very nature of scientific creativity.

Physics --- Science --- Physique --- Sciences --- History --- Histoire --- Newton, Isaac, --- -Science --- -Natural science --- Science of science --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Newton, Isaac Sir --- History. --- -History --- Arts and Humanities --- Physics - History --- Science - History --- Newton, Isaac, - 1642-1727. - Principia

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Metaphysics --- Physics --- Science --- Métaphysique --- Physique --- Sciences --- Philosophy --- Philosophie --- Newton, Isaac, --- Métaphysique

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Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Typology (Theology) --- Isaac --- In rabbinical literature. --- Sacrifice.

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Probably the most celebrated controversy in all of the history of science was that between Newton and Leibniz over the invention of the calculus. The argument ranged far beyond a mere priority dispute and took on the character of a war between two different philosophies of nature. Newton was the first to devise the methods of the calculus, but Leibniz (who independently discovered virtually identical methods) was the first to publish, in 1684. Mutual toleration passed into suspicion and, at last, denunciation of each by the other as a fraud and a plagiarist. The affair became a scandal, as British mathematicians asserted Newton's claims before the public while their Continental colleagues hotly defended Leibniz's priority. Professor Hall analyzes the situation out of which the dispute arose, the circumstances that caused it to become embittered, the dispositions of the chief actors, and the shifts in their opinions of each other.

Mathematical analysis --- Newton, Isaac --- Leibniz, von, Gottfried W. --- Calculus --- Calcul infinitésimal --- History --- Histoire --- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, --- Newton, Isaac, --- -51 <09> --- Analysis (Mathematics) --- Fluxions (Mathematics) --- Infinitesimal calculus --- Limits (Mathematics) --- Functions --- Geometry, Infinitesimal --- Mathematics--Geschiedenis van ... --- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von --- Newton, Isaac Sir --- History. --- 51 <09> Mathematics--Geschiedenis van ... --- Calcul infinitésimal --- 51 <09> --- Mathematics--Geschiedenis van .. --- Newton, Izaak, --- Niu-tun, --- Nʹi︠u︡ton, Isaak, --- Niutun, Yisake, --- Niyu̇ton, Isak, --- Nyuṭon, Ayzaḳ, --- Nyuṭon, Ayziḳ, --- ניוטאן, אייזאק, --- ניוטון, אייזק --- ניוטון, אייזיק --- 牛頓, --- 牛頓, 伊萨克, --- Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm --- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm --- Mathematics--Geschiedenis van . --- Mathematics--Geschiedenis van --- Arts and Humanities --- Calculus - History --- Newton, Isaac, - 1642-1727 --- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, - Freiherr von, - 1646-1716