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Two approaches have evolved in attempts to improve engine operations, maintenance, and management while reducing support costs. The first concentrates on short-term practices (inflight data are recorded in a snapshot mode). The second approach focuses on long-term benefits through improved knowledge of the operating environment (data must be recorded continuously on at least a few aircraft). Engine duty-cycle research by the military services has demonstrated that neither the services nor the manufacturers have a clear idea of power requirements and frequent throttle movements during operational sorties in fighter aircraft and have generally overestimated engine parts life and underestimated expected life-cycle costs. The narrow concept of cost savings over the short term should not be the sole criterion on which monitoring systems are judged. Monitoring systems for recent and future engines should include continuously recorded data now that reliability, durability, and cost issues are almost on an equal footing with performance.

Airplanes --- Airplanes, Military --- Turbojet engines --- In-flight monitoring. --- Testing.

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Since the mid-1970s the United States has advocated U.S.-European weapons procurement cooperation to promote increased NATO equipment rationalization, standardization, and interoperability (RSI). A comprehensive strategy including the collaborative development or codevelopment of weapon systems has been devised to facilitate transatlantic weapons procurement cooperation. This report examines three major European large aircraft codevelopment programs conducted between 1958 and 1974 to determine whether these programs achieved the benefits within Europe that U.S. advocates had hoped for. It also explores the European motivations and objectives for codevelopment; the effects of codevelopment on the rational management of transnational R&D funds and resources; the codevelopment program schedule, cost, and performance outcomes; and the prospects and desirability of U.S. participation in a future European large aircraft codevelopment program. Conclusions suggest that the transatlantic collaborative development of large aircraft would not be an effective strategy for augmenting NATO military capabilities and reducing overall NATO defense costs through increased equipment RSI

Aircraft industry --- Airplanes, Military. --- Weapons systems. --- North Atlantic Treaty Organization --- Armed Forces.