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In this paper we intend to survey and suggest the theoretical framework of the important aspects of causality detection with the purpose of conveying to the reader the essential features and the different forms in which inferences may be drawn from given data. Section II presents the basic theorem characterizing the causality events and suggests two feedback detection methods which, like the one suggested by Pierce and Haugh (1977), are based on correlation analysis. In Section III we survey other well-known causality detection methods and try to relate and to compare them with the methods suggested in Section II. Section IV briefly reviews the theoretical controversy of the relationship between money and income and presents some empirical evidence based on the methods discussed in this paper. Conclusions are in Section V.
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At a minimum, this paper should serve as a warning against too easy an acceptance of the view that the costs of sustained inflation are small relative to the costs of unemployment. If a temporary reduction in unemployment causes a permanent increase in inflation, the present value of the resulting future welfare costs may well exceed the temporary short-run gain. Previous analyses have underestimated the cost of a permanent increase in the inflation rate because they have ignored the growth of the economy and therefore the growth of the future instantaneous welfare costs. In the important case in which the growth of aggregate income exceeds the social discount rate, no reduction in unemployment can justify any permanent increase in the rate of inflation. Quite the contrary, if the inflation rate is above its optimal level, the economy should then be deflated to reduce the inflation rate regardless of the temporary consequences for unemployment.
Money supply. --- Unemployment --- Effect of inflation on --- Econometric models.
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Balance of payments --- Fiscal policy --- Monetary policy --- Money supply
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Money. Monetary policy --- Money --- Demand for money --- Mathematical models --- 336.741 --- -monnaie --- theories economiques --- Liquidity preference --- Money supply --- Origin and nature of money --- geld --- economische theorieen --- 336.741 Origin and nature of money --- monnaie --- Money - Mathematical models --- Demand for money - Mathematical models
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Economic conditions. Economic development --- Money. --- Money supply. --- Money market. --- Monetary policy. --- 336.74 --- 336.7 --- Monetary policy --- Money --- Money market --- Money supply --- monnaie --- politique monetaire --- economie --- marches financiers --- AA / International- internationaal --- 333.403 --- Money stock --- Quantity of money --- Supply of money --- Demand for money --- Money markets --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Exchange --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Geldwezen. Kredietwezen. Bankwezen. Financien. Monetaire econonomie. Beurswezen --- geld --- monetair beleid --- financiele markten --- Monetaire theorieën. Kwantitatieve theorie. Theorie van de incasso's. Optiek van de uitgaven en inkomens. --- 336.7 Geldwezen. Kredietwezen. Bankwezen. Financien. Monetaire econonomie. Beurswezen --- 336.74 Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Monetaire theorieën. Kwantitatieve theorie. Theorie van de incasso's. Optiek van de uitgaven en inkomens --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector
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Money. Monetary policy --- Tax law --- Public finance --- Capital levy --- Monetary policy --- FR / France - Frankrijk --- 333.841 --- 333.481 --- 336.211 --- -Monetary policy --- -politique monetaire --- impot sur le capital --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Capital --- Capital taxes --- Levy on capital --- Taxation --- Property tax --- Inflatie. --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering. --- Vermogensbelasting en vermogensaanwasbelasting. --- monetair beleid --- vermogensbelasting --- politique monetaire --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering --- Inflatie --- Vermogensbelasting en vermogensaanwasbelasting --- Capital levy - France --- Monetary policy - France
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Finance --- Monetary policy --- Money --- 336.74 --- 336.76 --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Exchange --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- 336.76 Beurswezen. Geldmarkt. Valutamarkt. Binnenlandse geldmarkt. Valutamarkt --- Beurswezen. Geldmarkt. Valutamarkt. Binnenlandse geldmarkt. Valutamarkt --- 336.74 Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Mathematical models --- Private finance --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector
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International finance --- European Union --- Monetary policy --- Monetary unions --- AA / International- internationaal --- 334.151.20 --- T04 ECU / EMS / EMU / EMI / Euro / ESCB --- 339.73 --- 333.432.0 --- -Monetary unions --- ume --- Common currencies --- Currency areas --- Currency unions --- Optimum currency areas --- Currency question --- Money --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Economische en monetaire unie van de Europese Gemeenschappen: algemeenheden. --- Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods. --- Monetaire akkoorden en conventies: algemeenheden. --- emu --- 339.73 Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods. --- Monetaire akkoorden en conventies: algemeenheden --- Economische en monetaire unie van de Europese Gemeenschappen: algemeenheden --- Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods --- Monetary policy - European Economic Community countries
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Money --- Monetary policy --- Economic development --- 336.74 --- 330.35 --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Exchange --- Finance --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Economische groei. Kwantitatieve toename. Technische vooruitgang --zie ook {338.09} --- 330.35 Economische groei. Kwantitatieve toename. Technische vooruitgang --zie ook {338.09} --- 336.74 Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector
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International finance --- International economic relations --- Monetary policy --- Finances internationales --- Relations économiques internationales --- Politique monétaire --- United States --- Etats-Unis --- Foreign economic relations --- Relations économiques extérieures --- 339.73 --- -Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods. --- Foreign economic relations. --- -Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods. --- 339.73 Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods. --- -Economic policy, Foreign --- Monetary management --- Relations économiques internationales --- Politique monétaire --- Relations économiques extérieures --- International monetary system --- International money --- Finance --- Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods
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